ISSN 2305-3127 (Print)   
ISSN 2664-3790 (Online)

Аритмії в пацієнтів з природженими вадами серця: позиційний документ Європейської асоціації серцевого ритму (EHRA), Європейської асоціації фахівців із дитячої кардіології і природжених вад серця (AEPC) та Робочої групи з природжених вад серця в дорослих Європейського товариства кардіологів (ESC), ухвалений Товариством серцевого ритму (HRS), Товариством фахівців з електрофізіології в педіатрії і при природжених вадах серця (PACES), Азійсько-Тихоокеанським товариством серцевого ритму (APHRS) та Латиноамериканським товариством фахівців з електрофізіології і кардіостимуляції (SOLAECE)

Hernández-Madrid A., Paul T., Abrams D., Aziz P.F., Blom N.A., Chen J., Chessa M., Combes N., Dagres N., Diller G., Ernst S., Giamberti A., Hebe J., Janousek J., Kriebel T., Moltedo J., Moreno J., Peinado R., Pison L., Rosenthal E., Skinner J.R., Zeppenfeld K.

Література 

1. Katritsis DG, Boriani G, Cosio FG, Hindricks G, Ja¨ıs P, Josephson ME. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulacio´ n Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE). Europace 2017;19: 465–511.
2. Anderson RH, Ho SY. The disposition of the conduction tissues in congenitally malformed hearts with reference to their embryological development. J Perinat Med 1991;19 Suppl 1:201–6.
3. Ho SY, Fagg N, Anderson RH, Cook A, Allan L. Disposition of the atrioventricular conduction tissues in the heart with isomerism of the atrial appendages: its relation to congenital complete heart block. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:904–10.
4. Brugada J, Blom N, Sarquella-Brugada G, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Deanfield J, Janousek J; European Heart Rhythm Association; Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology et al. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy for arrhythmias in the pediatric population: EHRA and AEPC-Arrhythmia Working Group joint consensus statement. Europace 2013; 15:1337–82.
5. Lenox CC, Hashida Y, Anderson RH, Hubbard JD. Conduction tissue anomalies in absence of the right superior caval vein. Int J Cardiol 1985;8:251–60.
6. Baruteau AE, Pass RH, Thambo JB, Behaghel A, Le Pennec S, Perdreau E et al. Congenital and childhood atrioventricular blocks: pathophysiology and contemporary management. Eur J Pediatr 2016;175:1235–48.
7. Warnes CA. Transposition of the great arteries. Circulation 2006;114:2699–709.
8. Epstein MR, Saul JP, Weindling SN, Triedman JK, Walsh EP. Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia involving twin atrioventricular nodes in patients with complex congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2001;12:671–9.
9. Upadhyay S, Marie Valente A, Triedman JK, Walsh EP. Catheter ablation for atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:1228–37.
10. Walsh EP. Interventional electrophysiology in patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation 2007;115:3224–34.
11. Lesh MD, Kalman JM, Saxon LA, Dorostkar PC. Electrophysiology of “incisional” reentrant atrial tachycardia complicating surgery for congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:2107–11.
12. Correa R, Sherwin ED, Kovach J, Mah DY, Alexander ME, Cecchin F et al. Mechanism and ablation of arrhythmia following total cavopulmonary connection. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:318–25.
13. de Groot NM, Zeppenfeld K, Wijffels MC, Chan WK, Blom NA, Van der Wall EE et al. Ablation of focal atrial arrhythmia in patients with congenital heart defects after surgery: role of circumscribed areas with heterogeneous conduction. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:526–35.
14. Akca F, Bauernfeind T, De Groot NM, Shalganov T, Schwagten B, Szili-Torok T. The presence of extensive atrial scars hinders the differential diagnosis of focal or macroreentrant atrial tachycardias in patients with complex congenital heart disease. Europace 2014;16:893–8.
15. Hager A, Zrenner B, Brodherr-Heberlein S, Steinbauer-Rosenthal I, Schreieck J, Hess J. Congenital and surgically acquired Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in patients with tricuspid atresia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:48–53.
16. Apitz C, Webb GD, Redington AN. Tetralogy of Fallot. Lancet 2009;374: 1462–71.
17. Khairy P, Stevenson WG. Catheter ablation in tetralogy of Fallot. Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1069–74.
18. Khairy P. Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in adults with congenital heart disease. Heart 2016;102:1703–9.
19. Khairy P, Aboulhosn J, Gurvitz MZ, Opotowsky AR, Mongeon FP, Kay J; Alliance for Adult Research in Congenital C et al. Arrhythmia burden in adults with surgically repaired tetralogy of Fallot: a multi-institutional study. Circulation 2010;122:868–75.
20. Priori SG, Blomstro¨ m-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. Europace 2015;17: 1601–87.
21. Bouchardy J, Therrien J, Pilote L, Ionescu-Ittu R, Martucci G, Bottega N et al. Atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation 2009;120: 1679–86.
22. Wasmer K, Eckardt L. Management of supraventricular arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Heart 2016;102:1614–9.
23. Gulotta GA, Lamotta EP. Ebstein’s anomaly associated with the WolffParkinson-White syndrome. Heart Cent Bull (Roslyn) 1959;16:16–25.
24. Danielson GK, Driscoll DJ, Mair DD, Warnes CA, Oliver WC. Operative treatment of Ebstein’s anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:1195–202.
25. Frescura C, Angelini A, Daliento L, Thiene G. Morphological aspects of Ebstein’s anomaly in adults. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;48:203–8.
26. McCanta AC, Kay JD, Collins KK. Cryoablation of the slow atrioventricular nodal pathway via a transbaffle approach in a patient with the Mustard procedure for d-transposition of the great arteries. Congenit Heart Dis 2011;6:479–83.
27. Rausch CM, Runciman M, Collins KK. Cryothermal catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in a pediatric patient after atrioventricular canal repair. Congenit Heart Dis 2010;5:66–9.
28. Billakanty S, Crawford T, Good E, Oral H. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia in situs inversus totalis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:403–5.
29. Hebe J, Hansen P, Ouyang F, Volkmer M, Kuck K-H. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2000;21:557–75.
30. Khairy P, Van Hare GF, Balaji S, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Cohen MI et al. PACES/HRS Expert Consensus Statement on the Recognition and Management of Arrhythmias in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS), and the International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease (ISACHD). Heart Rhythm 2014;11:e102–65.
31. Gatzoulis MA, Balaji S, Webber SA, Siu SC, Hokanson JS, Poile C et al. Risk factors for arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot: a multicentre study. Lancet 2000;356:975–81.
32. Baumgartner H, Bonhoeffer P, De Groot NMS, de Haan F, Deanfield JE, Galie N et al. ESC Guidelines for the management of grown-up congenital heart disease (new version 2010). Eur Heart J 2010;31:2915–57.
33. Kammeraad JAE, van Deurzen CHM, Sreeram N, Bink-Boelkens MTE, Ottenkamp J, Helbing WA et al. Predictors of sudden cardiac death after Mustard or Senning repair for transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1095–102.
34. Franco E, Sa´nchez I, Va´zquez Mart´ınez J, Moreno J. Ventricular fibrillation caused by 1:1 atrial flutter. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016;27:1488–9.
35. Berger F, Vogel M, Kramer A, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Weng Y, Lange PE et al. Incidence of atrial flutter/fibrillation in adults with atrial septal defect before and after surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:75–8.
36. Morton JB. Effect of chronic right atrial stretch on atrial electrical remodeling in patients with an atrial septal defect. Circulation 2003;107:1775–82.
37. Vecht JA, Saso S, Rao C, Dimopoulos K, Grapsa J, Terracciano CM et al. Atrial septal defect closure is associated with a reduced prevalence of atrial tachyarrhythmia in the short to medium term: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2010;96:1789–97.
38. Duong P, Ferguson LP, Lord S, Murray S, Shepherd E, Bourke JP et al. Atrial arrhythmia after transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects in patients >_40 years of age. Europace 2017;19:1322–6.
39. Roos-Hesselink JW. Excellent survival and low incidence of arrhythmias, stroke and heart failure long-term after surgical ASD closure at young age. A prospective follow-up study of 21–33 years. Eur Heart J 2003;24:190–7.
40. Stephenson EA, Lu M, Berul CI, Etheridge SP, Idriss SF, Margossian R et al. Arrhythmias in a contemporary fontan cohort: prevalence and clinical associations in a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:890–6.
41. d’Udekem Y, Iyengar AJ, Cochrane AD, Grigg LE, Ramsay JM, Wheaton GR et al. The Fontan procedure: contemporary techniques have improved longterm outcomes. Circulation 2007;116(11 Suppl):I157–64.
42. Gelatt M, Hamilton RM, McCrindle BW, Connelly M, Davis A, Harris L et al. Arrhythmia and mortality after the Mustard procedure: a 30-year single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:194–201.
43. Kanter RJ, Papagiannis J, Carboni MP, Ungerleider RM, Sanders WE, Wharton JM et al. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia substrates after mustard and senning operations for d-transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;35:428–41.
44. Tobler D, Williams WG, Jegatheeswaran A, Van Arsdell GS, McCrindle BW, Greutmann M et al. Cardiac outcomes in young adult survivors of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:58–64.
45. Teuwen CP, Ramdjan TTTK, Go¨ tte M, Brundel BJJM, Evertz R, Vriend JWJ et al. Time course of atrial fibrillation in patients with congenital heart defects. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:1065–72.
46. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace 2016;18:1609–78.
47. Sherwin ED, Triedman JK, Walsh EP. Update on interventional electrophysiology in congenital heart disease: evolving solutions for complex hearts. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:1032–40.
48. Koyak Z, Kroon B, de Groot JR, Wagenaar LJ, van Dijk AP, Mulder BA et al. Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in adults with congenital heart disease and supraventricular tachycardias. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:1461–7.
49. Ammash NM, Phillips SD, Hodge DO, Connolly HM, Grogan MA, Friedman PA et al. Outcome of direct current cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2012;154:270–4.
50. Philip F, Muhammad KI, Agarwal S, Natale A, Krasuski RA. Pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of drug-refractory atrial fibrillation in adults with congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 2012;7:392–9.
51. Lakkireddy D, Rangisetty U, Prasad S, Verma A, Biria M, Berenbom L et al. Intracardiac echo-guided radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale repair: a feasibility, safety, and efficacy study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008;19:1137–42.
52. Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Burkhardt JD, Horton R, Sanchez J, Bailey S et al. Transseptal access and atrial fibrillation ablation guided by intracardiac echocardiography in patients with atrial septal closure devices. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1669–75.
53. Backer CL, Tsao S, Deal B, Mavroudis C. Maze procedure in single ventricle patients. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2008;11:44–8.
54. Mavroudis C, Stulak JM, Ad N, Siegel A, Giamberti A, Harris L et al. Prophylactic atrial arrhythmia surgical procedures with congenital heart operations: review and recommendations. Ann Thorac Surg 2015;99:352–9.
55. Friedman RA, Will JC, Fenrich AL, Kertesz NJ. Atrioventricular junction ablation and pacemaker therapy in patients with drug-resistant atrial tachyarrhythmias after the Fontan operation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:24–9.
56. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA, Lucron H, Lambert J, Marcon F et al. Value of programmed ventricular stimulation after tetralogy of Fallot repair: a multicenter study. Circulation 2004;109:1994–2000.
57. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, Viswanathan S, Barlow A, Gatzoulis MA et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 2008; 117:363–70.
58. Koyak Z, de Groot JR, Van Gelder IC, Bouma BJ, van Dessel PFHM, Budts W et al. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in adults with congenital heart disease: who is at risk of shocks? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5: 101–10.
59. Koyak Z, Harris L, de Groot JR, Silversides CK, Oechslin EN, Bouma BJ et al. Sudden cardiac death in adult congenital heart disease. Circulation 2012;126: 1944–54.
60. Teuwen CP, Ramdjan TTTK, Go¨ tte M, Brundel BJJM, Evertz R, Vriend JWJ et al. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease: an important sign? Int J Cardiol 2016;206:158–63.
61. Khairy P, Harris L, Landzberg MJ, Fernandes SM, Barlow A, Mercier LA et al. Sudden death and defibrillators in transposition of the great arteries with intraatrial baffles: a multicenter study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008;1:250–7.
62. Santharam S, Hudsmith L, Thorne S, Clift P, Marshall H, De Bono J. Long-term follow-up of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in adult congenital heart disease patients: indications and outcomes. Europace 2017;19:407–13.
63. Vehmeijer JT, Brouwer TF, Limpens J, Knops RE, Bouma BJ, Mulder BJM et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in adults with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2016;37:1439–48.
64. Silka MJ, Hardy BG, Menashe VD, Morris CD. A population-based prospective evaluation of risk of sudden cardiac death after operation for common congenital heart defects. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:245–51.
65. Oechslin EN, Harrison DA, Connelly MS, Webb GD, Siu SC. Mode of death in adults with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2000;86:1111–6.
66. Zeppenfeld K, Schalij MJ, Bartelings MM, Tedrow UB, Koplan BA, Soejima K et al. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia after repair of congenital heart disease: electroanatomic identification of the critical right ventricular isthmus. Circulation 2007;116:2241–52.
67. Kapel GF, Reichlin T, Wijnmaalen AP, Piers SR, Holman ER, Tedrow UB et al. Re-entry using anatomically determined isthmuses: a curable ventricular tachycardia in repaired congenital heart disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8: 102–9.
68. van Zyl M, Kapa S, Padmanabhan D, Chen FC, Mulpuru SK, Packer DL et al. Mechanism and outcomes of catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia in adults with repaired congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:1449–54.
69. Moore JP, Seki A, Shannon KM, Mandapati R, Tung R, Fishbein MC. Characterization of anatomic ventricular tachycardia isthmus pathology after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:905–11.
70. Kriebel T, Saul JP, Schneider H, Sigler M, Paul T. Noncontact mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation of fast and hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50:2162–8.
71. Subirana MT, Juan-Babot JO, Puig T, Lucena J, Rico A, Salguero M et al. Specific characteristics of sudden death in a mediterranean Spanish population. Am J Cardiol 2011;107:622–7.
72. Alonso A, Jensen PN, Lopez FL, Chen LY, Psaty BM, Folsom AR et al. Association of sick sinus syndrome with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study and Cardiovascular Health Study. PLoS One 2014;9:e109662.
73. Fishberger SB, Wernovsky G, Gentles TL, Gauvreau K, Burnett J, Mayer JE, Jr et al. Factors that influence the development of atrial flutter after the Fontan operation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113:80–6.
74. Nieminen HP, Jokinen EV, Sairanen HI. Causes of late deaths after pediatric cardiac surgery: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1263–71.
75. Pillutla P, Shetty KD, Foster E. Mortality associated with adult congenital heart disease: trends in the US population from 1979 to 2005. Am Heart J 2009;158: 874–9.
76. Alboni P, Menozzi C, Brignole M, Paparella N, Gaggioli G, Lolli G et al. Effects of permanent pacemaker and oral theophylline in sick sinus syndrome. The THEOPACE study: a randomized controlled trial. Circulation 1997;96:260–6.
77. Shaw DB, Holman RR, Gowers JI. Survival in sinoatrial disorder (sick-sinus syndrome). Br Med J 1980;280:139–41.
78. Janousek J, Paul T, Luhmer I, Wilken M, Hruda J, Kallfelz HC. Atrial baffle procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries: natural course of sinus node dysfunction and risk factors for dysrhythmias and sudden death. Z Kardiol 1994;83:933–8.
79. Hokanson JS, Moller JH. Significance of early transient complete heart block as a predictor of sudden death late after operative correction of tetralogy of Fallot. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1271–7.
80. Verheugt CL1, Uiterwaal CS, van der Velde ET, Meijboom FJ, Pieper PG, van Dijk AP et al. Mortality in adult congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J 2010;31: 1220–9.
81. Khairy P, Fernandes SM, Mayer JE Jr, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Lock JE et al. Long-term survival, modes of death, and predictors of mortality in patients with Fontan surgery. Circulation 2008;117:85–92.
82. Koyak Z, de Groot JR, Bouma BJ, Zwinderman AH, Silversides CK, Oechslin EN et al. Sudden cardiac death in adult congenital heart disease: can the unpredictable be foreseen? Europace 2017;19:401–6.
83. Schwerzmann M, Salehian O, Harris L, Siu SC, Williams WG, Webb GD et al. Ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in adults after a mustard operation for transposition of the great arteries. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1873–9.
84. Czosek RJ, Bonney WJ, Cassedy A, Mah DY, Tanel RE, Imundo JR et al. Impact of cardiac devices on the quality of life in pediatric patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5:1064–72.
85. Atallah J, Erickson CC, Cecchin F, Dubin AM, Law IH, Cohen MI; Pediatric, Congenital Electrophysiology S et al. Multi-institutional study of implantable defibrillator lead performance in children and young adults: results of the Pediatric Lead Extractability and Survival Evaluation (PLEASE) study. Circulation 2013;127: 2393–402.
86. Morquio L. Sur une maladie infantile et familiale caracterisee par des modifications permanentes du pouls, des attaques syncopales et epileptiformes et la morte subite. Arch Med Enfantes 1901;4:467–75.
87. GCJ. VdH. Die ziekle van Stokes-Adams en een genal van aangeboren hart block (profschrift aan de ryks universitat). Gronigen 1908.
88. Lev M, Silverman J, Fitzmaurice FM, Paul MH, Cassels DE, Miller RA. Lack of connection between the atria and the more peripheral conduction system in congenital atrioventricular block. Am J Cardiol 1971;27:481–90.
89. Lev M, Cuadros H, Paul MH. Interruption of the atrioventricular bundle with congenital atrioventricular block. Circulation 1971;43:703–10.
90. Anderson RH, Wenick AC, Losekoot TG, Becker AE. Congenitally complete heart block. Developmental aspects. Circulation 1977;56:90–101.
91. Lev M. Pathogenesis of congenital atrioventricular block. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1972;15:145–57.
92. Dewey RC, Capeless MA, Levy AM. Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to identify high-risk patients with congenital complete heart block. N Engl J Med 1987;316:835–9.
93. Nagashima M, Nakashima T, Asai T, Matsushima M, Ogawa A, Ohsuga A et al. Study on congenital complete heart block in children by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. Jpn Heart J 1987;28:323–32.
94. Jaeggi ET, Hamilton RM, Silverman ED, Zamora SA, Hornberger LK. Outcome of children with fetal, neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated congenital atrioventricular block. A single institution’s experience of 30 years. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:130–7.
95. Breur JM, Udink Ten Cate FE, Kapusta L, Cohen MI, Crosson JE, Boramanand N et al. Pacemaker therapy in isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2002;25:1685–91.
96. Michaelsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T. Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life: a prospective study. Circulation 1995;92:442–9.
97. Thambo JB, Bordachar P, Garrigue S, Lafitte S, Sanders P, Reuter S et al. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation 2004;110:3766–72.
98. Ellenbogen KA, Wood MA. Pacemaker selection—the changing definition of physiologic pacing. N Engl J Med 2005;353:202–4.
99. Tops LF, Suffoletto MS, Bleeker GB, Boersma E, van der Wall EE, Gorcsan J, 3rd et al. Speckle-tracking radial strain reveals left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with permanent right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50: 1180–8.
100. Lillehei CW, Sellers RD, Bonnabeau RC, Eliot RS. Chronic postsurgical complete heart block with particular reference to prognosis, management, and a new P-wave pacemaker. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1963;46:436–56.
101. Graham TP, Jr., Bernard YD, Mellen BG, Celermajer D, Baumgartner H, Cetta F et al. Long-term outcome in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: a multi-institutional study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:255–61.
102. Beauchesne LM, Warnes CA, Connolly HM, Ammash NM, Tajik AJ, Danielson GK. Outcome of the unoperated adult who presents with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:285–90.
103. Bonatti V, Agnetti A, Squarcia U. Early and late postoperative complete heart block in pediatric patients submitted to open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease. Pediatr Med Chir 1998;20:181–6.
104. Weindling SN, Saul JP, Gamble WJ, Mayer JE, Wessel D, Walsh EP. Duration of complete atrioventricular block after congenital heart disease surgery. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:525–7.
105. Liberman L, Silver ES, Chai PJ, Anderson BR. Incidence and characteristics of heart block after heart surgery in pediatric patients: a multicenter study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016;152:197–202.
106. Predescu D, Chaturvedi RR, Friedberg MK, Benson LN, Ozawa A, Lee KJ. Complete heart block associated with device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;136:1223–8.
107. Yang R, Kong XQ, Sheng YH, Zhou L, Xu D, Yong YH et al. Risk factors and outcomes of post-procedure heart blocks after transcatheter device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5:422–7.
108. Tao K, Lin K, Shi Y, Song H, Lui RC, Gan C et al. Perventricular device closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects in 61 young children: early and midterm follow-up results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:864–70.
109. Butera G, Carminati M, Chessa M, Piazza L, Micheletti A, Negura DG et al. Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects: early and long-term results. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:1189–95.
110. Wolff GS, Rowland TW, Ellison RC. Surgically induced right bundle-branch block with left anterior hemiblock: an ominous sign in postoperative tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 1972;46:587–94.
111. Krongrad E. Prognosis for patients with congenital heart disease and postoperative intraventricular conduction defects. Circulation 1978;57:867–70.
112. Lin A, Mahle WT, Frias PA, Fischbach PS, Kogon BE, Kanter KR et al. Early and delayed atrioventricular conduction block after routine surgery for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010;140:158–60.
113. Laurens P, Gavelle P, Piwnica A, Farge C, Dubost C, Maurice P. Severe postoperative heart blocks appearing late. 16 cases. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1983;76: 1132–9.
114. Daicoff GR, Aslami A, Tobias JA, Miller BL. Management of postoperative complete heart block in infants and children. Chest 1974;66:639–41.
115. Da¨hn DKP. Zur Prognose der passageren AV-U¨ berleitungssto¨ rungen nach korrektiven Eingriffen am Herzen. Klin Padiatr 1976;188:263–6.
116. Murphy DA, Tynan M, Graham GR, Bonham-Carter RE. Prognosis of complete atrioventricular dissociation in children after open-heart surgery. Lancet 1970; 295:750–2.
117. Squarcia U, Merideth J, McGoon DC, Weidman WH. Prognosis of transient atrioventricular conduction disturbances complicating open heart surgery for congenital heart defects. Am J Cardiol 1971;28:648–52.
118. Nishimura RA, Callahan MJ, Holmes DR, Jr., Gersh BJ, Driscoll DJ, Trusty JM et al. Transient atrioventricular block after open-heart surgery for congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1984;53:198–201.
119. Gross GJ, Chiu CC, Hamilton RM, Kirsh JA, Stephenson EA. Natural history of postoperative heart block in congenital heart disease: implications for pacing intervention. Heart Rhythm 2006;3:601–4.
120. Batra AS, Wells WJ, Hinoki KW, Stanton RA, Silka MJ. Late recovery of atrioventricular conduction after pacemaker implantation for complete heart block associated with surgery for congenital heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;125:1291–3.
121. De Raet J, Rega F, Meyns B. Late recovery of atrioventricular conduction after pacemaker implantation for complete heart block in congenital heart disease: fact or fluke? Acta Chir Belg 2010;110:323–7.
122. Bruckheimer E, Berul CI, Kopf GS, Hill SL, Warner KA, Kleinman CS et al. Late recovery of surgically-induced atrioventricular block in patients with congenital heart disease. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2002;6:191–5.
123. Aziz PF, Serwer GA, Bradley DJ, LaPage MJ, Hirsch JC, Bove EL et al. Pattern of recovery for transient complete heart block after open heart surgery for congenital heart disease: duration alone predicts risk of late complete heart block. Pediatr Cardiol 2013;34:999–1005. [
124. Hofschire PJ, Nicoloff DM, Moller JH. Postoperative complete heart block in 64 children treated with and without cardiac pacing. Am J Cardiol 1977;39:559–62.
125. Taylor J. The 2010 version of the ESC guidelines for the management of grownup adult congenital heart disease are discussed by guidelines task force chairman H. Baumgartner. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2825–6.
126. Ferrero P, Massa R, Amellone C, Trevi G. 0 Sinus node0 dysfunction associated with left atrial isomerism. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2008;9:953–6.
127. Anjos RT, Ho SY, Anderson RH. Surgical implications of juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. A review of forty-nine autopsied hearts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;99:897–904.
128. Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, Danielson GK, Bailey KR, Schaff HV, Shen WK et al. Sinus venosus atrial septal defect: long-term postoperative outcome for 115 patients. Circulation 2005;112:1953–8.
129. Greenwood RD, Rosenthal A, Sloss LJ, LaCorte M, Nadas AS. Sick sinus syndrome after surgery for congenital heart disease. Circulation 1975;52:208–13.
130. Rajanbabu BB, Gangopadhyay D. Sinus node dysfunction after extracardiac conduit and lateral tunnel Fontan operation: the importance of the type of prior superior cavopulmonary anastomosis. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2016;7: 210–5.
131. Newcombe J, Gordon B, Razzouk A, Bailey L, Mandapati R. Extracardiac autologous pericardial tunnel Fontan allows implantation of an endocardial atrial lead for sinus node dysfunction. Ann Thorac Surg 2014;98:1094–6.
132. Dilawar M, Bradley SM, Saul JP, Stroud MR, Balaji S. Sinus node dysfunction after intraatrial lateral tunnel and extracardiac conduit fontan procedures. Pediatr Cardiol 2003;24:284–8.
133. Bae EJ, Lee JY, Noh CI, Kim WH, Kim YJ. Sinus node dysfunction after Fontan modifications—influence of surgical method. Int J Cardiol 2003;88:285–91.
134. Sun ZH, Happonen JM, Bennhagen R, Sairanen H, Pesonen E, Toivonen L et al. Increased QT dispersion and loss of sinus rhythm as risk factors for late sudden death after Mustard or Senning procedures for transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:138–41.
135. Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Lambert J, O’donnell CP. Long-term outcomes after the atrial switch for surgical correction of transposition: a meta-analysis comparing the Mustard and Senning procedures. Cardiol Young 2004;14:284–92.
136. Janousek J, Paul T, Luhmer I, Wilken M, Hruda J, Kallfelz HC. Atrial baffle procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries: natural course of sinus node dysfunction and risk factors for dysrhythmias and sudden death. Zeitschrift Fur Kardiologie 1994;83:933–8.
137. Sanders P, Morton JB, Kistler PM, Spence SJ, Davidson NC, Hussin A et al. Electrophysiological and electroanatomic characterization of the atria in sinus node disease: evidence of diffuse atrial remodeling. Circulation 2004;109: 1514–22.
138. Anand N, McCrindle BW, Chiu CC, Hamilton RM, Kirsh JA, Stephenson EA et al. Chronotropic incompetence in young patients with late postoperative atrial flutter: a case-control study. Eur Heart J 2006;27:2069–73.
139. Hayward RM, Tseng ZH. Arrhythmias in complex congenital heart disease. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2014;6:623–34.
140. Garson A, Jr., Bink-Boelkens M, Hesslein PS, Hordof AJ, Keane JF, Neches WH et al. Atrial flutter in the young: a collaborative study of 380 cases. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:871–8.
141. Kardelen F, Celiker A, Ozer S, Ozme S, Oto A. Sinus node dysfunction in children and adolescents: treatment by implantation of a permanent pacemaker in 26 patients. Turk J Pediatr 2002;44:312–6.
142. Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Breithardt OA et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy: the task force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the
European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Europace 2013;15:1070–118.
143. Alboni P, Brignole M, Menozzi C, Raviele A, Del Rosso A, Dinelli M et al. Efficacy and safety of out-of-hospital self-administered single-dose oral drug treatment in the management of infrequent, well-tolerated paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:548–53.
144. Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH et al. Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF/ AHA/ESC and 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:1935–44.
145. Stan MN, Hess EP, Bahn RS, Warnes CA, Ammash NM, Brennan MD et al. A risk prediction index for amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis in adults with congenital heart disease. J Thyroid Res 2012;2012:210529.
146. Thorne SA, Barnes I, Cullinan P, Somerville J. Amiodarone-associated thyroid dysfunction risk factors in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation 1999; 100:149–54.
147. Banchs JE, Baquero GA, Nickolaus MJ, Wolbrette DL, Kelleman JJ, Samii S et al. Clinical efficacy of dofetilide for the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 2014;9:221–7.
148. Wells R, Khairy P, Harris L, Anderson CC, Balaji S. Dofetilide for atrial arrhythmias in congenital heart disease: a multicenter study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:1313–8.
149. El-Assaad I, Al-Kindi SG, Abraham J, Sanatani S, Bradley DJ, Halsey C et al. Use of dofetilide in adult patients with atrial arrhythmias and congenital heart disease: a PACES collaborative study. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:2034–9.
150. Connolly SJ et al. Dronedarone in high-risk permanent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:2268–76.
151. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989;321: 406–12.
152. Fish FA1, Gillette PC, Benson DW Jr, Proarrhythmia, cardiac arrest and death in young patients receiving encainide and flecainide. The Pediatric Electrophysiology Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:356–65.
153. Flaker GC, Blackshear JL, McBride R, Kronmal RA, Halperin JL, Hart RG. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in atrial fibrillation. The Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20: 527–32.
154. Bordachar P, Marquie´ C, Pospiech T, Pasquie´ JL, Jalal Z, Haissaguerre M et al. Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators in children, young adults and patients with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2016;203:251–8.
155. Lafuente-Lafuente C, Valembois L, Bergmann JF, Belmin J. Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;3:CD005049.
156. DeWitt ES, Beausejour-Ladouceur V, Whitehill R, Bezzerides V, Mah D, Alexander ME, Triedman JK, Walsh EP, Abrams DJ. Radiofrequency ablation versus medical therapy for first episode of atrial tachycardia in adults with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:S449.
157. Lanz J, Brophy JM, Therrien J, Kaouache M, Guo L, Marelli AJ. Stroke in adults with congenital heart disease: incidence, cumulative risk, and predictors. Circulation 2015;132:2385–94.
158. Hoffmann A, Chockalingam P, Balint OH, Dadashev A, Dimopoulos K, Engel R et al. Cerebrovascular accidents in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Heart 2010;96:1223–6.
159. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane D, Crijns H. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor based approach. The Euro Heart Survey on Atrial Fibrillation. Chest 2010;137:263–72.
160. Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, Savelieva I, Atar D, Hohnloser SH et al. 2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2012;14:1385–413.
161. Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Europace 2016;18:1609–78.
162. Kannankeril PJ, Anderson ME, Rottman JN, Wathen MS, Fish FA. Frequency of late recurrence of intra-atrial reentry tachycardia after radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:879–81.
163. Singh SM, Neuzil P, Skoka J, Kriz R, Popelova J, Love BA et al. Percutaneous transhepatic venous access for catheter ablation procedures in patients with interruption of the inferior vena cava. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011;4:235–41.
164. Correa R, Walsh EP, Alexander ME, Mah DY, Cecchin F, Abrams DJ et al. Transbaffle mapping and ablation for atrial tachycardias after mustard, senning, or Fontan operations. J Am Heart Assoc 2013;2:e000325.
165. Dave AS, Aboulhosn J, Child JS, Shivkumar K. Transconduit puncture for catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia in a patient with extracardiac Fontan palliation. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:413–6.
166. Aoki H, Nakamura Y, Takeno S, Takemura T. A new procedure for a transconduit puncture by grasping the dilator tip with a snare catheter: an alternative access method during catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias after an extracardiac Fontan operation. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:1492–4.
167. Krause U, Backhoff D, Klehs S, Schneider HE, Paul T. Transbaffle catheter ablation of atrial re-entrant tachycardia within the pulmonary venous atrium in adult patients with congenital heart disease. Europace 2016;18:1055–60.
168. Katritsis D, Zografos T, Katritsis G, Giazitzoglou E, Vachliotis V, Paxinos G et al. Catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy in patients with symptomatic AVNRT: a randomized controlled trial. Europace 2017;19:602–6.
169. Collins KK, Love BA, Walsh EP, Saul JP, Epstein MR, Triedman JK et al. Location of acutely successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2000;86: 969–74.
170. Magnin-Poull I, De Chillou C, Miljoen H, Andronache M, Aliot E. Mechanisms of right atrial tachycardia occurring late after surgical closure of atrial septal defects. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2005;16:681–7.
171. Ueda A, Suman-Horduna I, Mantziari L, Gujic M, Marchese P, Ho SY et al. Contemporary outcomes of supraventricular tachycardia ablation in congenital heart disease: a single-center experience in 116 patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:606–13.
172. Scaglione M, Caponi D, Ebrille E, Di Donna P, Di Clemente F, Battaglia A et al. Very long-term results of electroanatomic-guided radiofrequency ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with surgically corrected atrial septal defect. Europace 2014;16:1800–7.
173. Thomas P, Macicek S. Catheter ablation to treat supraventricular arrhythmia in children and adults with congenital heart disease: what we know and where we are going. Ochsner J 2016;16:290–6.
174. Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Love BA, Collins KK, Berul CI, Bevilacqua LM et al. Influence of patient factors and ablative technologies on outcomes of radiofrequency ablation of intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:1827–35.
175. Tanner H, Lukac P, Schwick N, Fuhrer J, Pedersen AK, Hansen PS et al. Irrigated-tip catheter ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia in patients late after surgery of congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2004;1:268–75.
176. Yap S-C, Harris L, Silversides CK, Downar E, Chauhan VS. Outcome of intraatrial re-entrant tachycardia catheter ablation in adults with congenital heart disease: negative impact of age and complex atrial surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1589–96.
177. Escudero C, Khairy P, Sanatani S. Electrophysiologic considerations in congenital heart disease and their relationship to heart failure. Can J Cardiol 2013;29: 821–9.
178. Ho SY, Anderson RH. Conduction tissue in congenital heart surgery. World J Surg 1985;9:550–67.
179. Ho SY, Monro JL, Anderson RH. Disposition of the sinus node in left-sided juxtaposition of the atrial appendages. Br Heart J 1979;41:129–32.
180. Bae EJ, Noh CI, Choi JY, Yun YS, Kim WH, Lee JR et al. Twin AV node and induced supraventricular tachycardia in Fontan palliation patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:126–34.
181. Anderson RH, Arnold R, Thapar MK, Jones RS, Hamilton DI. Cardiac specialized tissue in hearts with an apparently single ventricular chamber (double inlet left ventricle). Am J Cardiol 1974;33:95–106.
182. Khairy P, Seslar SP, Triedman JK, Cecchin F. Ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in tricuspid atresia. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2004;15: 719–22.
183. Watson H. Natural history of Ebstein’s anomaly of tricuspid valve in childhood and adolescence. An international co-operative study of 505 cases. Br Heart J 1974;36:417–27.
184. Radford DJ, Graff RF, Neilson GH. Diagnosis and natural history of Ebstein’s anomaly. Br Heart J 1985;54:517–22.
185. Smith WM, Gallagher JJ, Kerr CR, Sealy WC, Kasell JH, Benson DW, Jr et al. The electrophysiologic basis and management of symptomatic recurrent tachycardia in patients with Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve. Am J Cardiol 1982;49:1223–34.
186. Colavita PG, Packer DL, Pressley JC, Ellenbogen KA, O’callaghan WG, Gilbert MR et al. Frequency, diagnosis and clinical characteristics of patients with multiple accessory atrioventricular pathways. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:601–6.
187. Cappato R, Schluter M, Weiss C, Antz M, Koschyk DH, Hofmann T et al. Radiofrequency current catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular pathways in Ebstein’s anomaly. Circulation 1996;94:376–83.
188. Reich JD, Auld D, Hulse E, Sullivan K, Campbell R. The pediatric radiofrequency ablation registry’s experience with Ebstein’s anomaly. Pediatric Electrophysiology Society. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1998;9:1370–7.
189. Chetaille P, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. Outcomes of radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia in patients with congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2004;1:168–73.
190. Wei W, Zhan X, Xue Y, Fang X, Liao H, Deng H et al. Features of accessory pathways in adult Ebstein’s anomaly. Europace 2014;16:1619–2.
191. Levine JC, Walsh EP, Saul JP. Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways associated with congenital heart disease including heterotaxy syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1993;72:689–93.
192. . Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, Edwards WD, Hayes D, Warnes CA, Danielson GK. Ebstein’s anomaly—review of a multifaceted congenital cardiac condition. Swiss Med Wkly 2005;135:269–81.
193. Roten L, Lukac P, DE Groot N, Nielsen J, Szili-Torok T, Jensen H et al. Catheter ablation of arrhythmias in Ebstein’s anomaly: a multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:1391–6.
194. da Silva JP, Baumgratz JF, da Fonseca L, Franchi SM, Lopes LM, Tavares GM et al. The cone reconstruction of the tricuspid valve in Ebstein’s anomaly. The operation: early and midterm results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;133:215–23.
195. Silva J. P D, Silva L. D F D, Moreira LFP, Lopez LM, Franchi SM, Lianza AC et al. Cone reconstruction in Ebstein’s anomaly repair: early and long-term results. Arq Bras Cardiol 2011;97:199–208.
196. Wu J, Deisenhofer I, Ammar S, Fichtner S, Reents T, Zhu P et al. Acute and long-term outcome after catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in patients after the Mustard or Senning operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Europace 2013;15:886–91.
197. Kay GN, Epstein AE, Dailey SM, Plumb VJ. Selective radiofrequency ablation of the slow pathway for the treatment of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Evidence for involvement of perinodal myocardium within the reentrant circuit. Circulation 1992;85:1675–88.
198. Carbucicchio C, Santamaria M, Trevisi N, Maccabelli G, Giraldi F, Fassini G et al. Catheter ablation for the treatment of electrical storm in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: shortand long-term outcomes in a prospective single-center study. Circulation 2008;117:462–9.
199. Wijnmaalen AP1, Zeppenfeld K. Ventricular tachycardia ablation: indications and techniques. Minerva Cardioangiol 2011;59:149–69.
200. Sabate Rotes A, Connolly HM, Warnes CA, Ammash NM, Phillips SD, Dearani JA et al. Ventricular arrhythmia risk stratification in patients with tetralogy of Fallot at the time of pulmonary valve replacement. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:110–6.
201. Gatzoulis MA, Freeman MA, Siu SC, Webb GD, Harris L. Atrial arrhythmia after surgical closure of atrial septal defects in adults. N Engl J Med 1999;340: 839–46.
202. Murphy JG, Gersh BJ, McGoon MD, Mair DD, Porter CJ, Ilstrup DM et al. Longterm outcome after surgical repair of isolated atrial septal defect. Follow-up at 27 to 32 years. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1645–50.
203. Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Berul CI, Bevilacqua LM, Walsh EP. Electroanatomic mapping of entrained and exit zones in patients with repaired congenital heart disease and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia. Circulation 2001; 103:2060–5.
204. Akar JG, Kok LC, Haines DE, DiMarco JP, Mounsey JP. Coexistence of type I atrial flutter and intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia in patients with surgically corrected congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:377–84.
205. Peichl P, Kautzner J, Gebauer R. Ablation of atrial tachycardias after correction of complex congenital heart diseases: utility of intracardiac echocardiography. Europace 2008;11:48–53.
206. Giamberti A, Chessa M, Foresti S, Abella R, Butera G, de Vincentiis C et al. Combined atrial septal defect surgical closure and irrigated radiofrequency ablation in adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:1327–31.
207. Backhoff D, Muller M, Ruschewski W, Paul T, Krause U. ICD therapy for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death after Mustard repair for d-transposition of the great arteries. Clin Res Cardiol 2014;103:894–901.
208. de Groot NM, Lukac P, Schalij MJ, Makowski K, Szili-Torok T, Jordaens L et al. Long-term outcome of ablative therapy of post-operative atrial tachyarrhythmias in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: a European multi-centre study. Europace 2012;14:522–7.
209. Lukac P, Pedersen AK, Mortensen PT, Jensen HK, Hjortdal V, Hansen PS et al. Ablation of atrial tachycardia after surgery for congenital and acquired heart disease using an electroanatomic mapping system: which circuits to expect in which substrate? Heart Rhythm 2005;2:64–72.
210. Seslar S, Alexander M, Berul C, Cecchin F, Walsh E, Triedman J et al. Ablation of nonautomatic focal atrial tachycardia in children and adults with congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:359–65.
211. Seiler J, Schmid DK, Irtel TA, Tanner H, Rotter M, Schwick N et al. Dual-loop circuits in postoperative atrial macro re-entrant tachycardias. Heart 2007;93: 325–30.
212. Mandapati R, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. Pericaval and periannular intra-atrial reentrant tachycardias in patients with congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2003;14:119–25.
213. Brouwer C, Hazekamp MG, Zeppenfeld K. Anatomical substrates and ablation of reentrant atrial and ventricular tachycardias in repaired congenital heart disease. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2016;5:150–60.
214. Nakagawa H, Shah N, Matsudaira K, Overholt E, Chandrasekaran K, Beckman KJ et al. Characterization of reentrant circuit in macroreentrant right atrial tachycardia after surgical repair of congenital heart disease: isolated channels between scars allow “focal” ablation. Circulation 2001;103:699–709.
215. Verma A, Marrouche N, Seshadri N , Schweikert R, Bhargava M, Burkhardt JD et al. Importance of ablating all potential right atrial flutter circuits in postcardiac surgery patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:409–14.
216. de Groot NM, Atary JZ, Blom NA, Schalij MJ. Long-term outcome after ablative therapy of postoperative atrial tachyarrhythmia in patients with congenital heart disease and characteristics of atrial tachyarrhythmia recurrences. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:148–54.
217. Anguera I, Dallaglio P, Mac´ıas R, Jime´nez-Candil J, Peinado R, Garc´ıa-Seara J et al. Long-term outcome after ablation of right atrial tachyarrhythmias after the surgical repair of congenital and acquired heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2015; 115:1705–13.
218. Gallardo R, de Bono J. Ablation of arrhythmias in patients with adult congenital heart disease. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2014;3:36–9.
219. Troianos CA, Hartman GS, Glas KE, Skubas NJ, Eberhardt RT, Walker JD et al. Guidelines for performing ultrasound guided vascular cannulation: recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2011;24:1291–318.
220. Acena M, Anguera I, Dallaglio PD, Rodriguez M, Sabate´ X. Atrial fibrillation ablation in adults with repaired congenital heart disease. J Atr Fibrillation 2016;8: 1363.
221. Baldinger SH1, Stevenson WG, John RM, Ablation of ischemic ventricular tachycardia: evidence, techniques, results, and future directions.
222. Liang JJ, Santangeli P, Callans DJ. Long-term outcomes of ventricular tachycardia ablation in different types of structural heart disease. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2015;4:177–83.
223. Tung R, Boyle NG, Shivkumar K. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2010;122:e389–91.
224. Sadek MM, Schaller RD, Supple GE, Frankel DS, Riley MP, Hutchinson MD et al. Ventricular tachycardia ablation—the right approach for the right patient. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2014;3:161–7.
225. Driscoll DJ, Offord KP, Feldt RH, Schaff HV, Puga FJ, Danielson GK et al. Five-to 15-year follow-up after Fontan operation. Circulation 1992;85:469–96.
226. Flinn CJ, Wolff GS, Dick M, Campbell RM, Borkat G, Casta A et al. Cardiac rhythm after the Mustard operation for complete transposition of the great arteries. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1635–8.
227. Hickey EJ, Veldtman G, Bradley TJ, Gengsakul A, Manlhiot C, Williams WG et al. Late risk of outcomes for adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot from an inception cohort spanning four decades. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009;35:156–64.
228. Zomer AC, Verheugt CL, Vaartjes I, Uiterwaal CSPM, Langemeijer MM, Koolbergen DR et al. Surgery in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation 2011;124:2195–201.
229. Mascio CE, Pasquali S, Jacobs J, Jacobs M, Austin III E. Outcomes in adult congenital heart surgery: analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011;142:1090–7.
230. Stellin G, Vida VL, Padalino MA, Rizzoli G. Surgical outcome for congenital heart malformations in the adult age: a multicentric European study. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2004;7:95–101.
231. Blaufox AD, Sleeper LA, Bradley DJ, Breitbart RE, Hordof A, Kanter RJ et al. Functional status, hear rate, and rhytm abnormalities in 521 Fontan patients 6 to 18 years of age. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;136:100.e1–7.e1.
232. Deal BJ, Mavroudic C, Backer CL, Johnsrude CL, Rocchini AP. Impact of arrhythmia circuit cryoablation during Fontan conversion for refractory atrial tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1999;83:563–8.
233. Delhaas T, Sarvaas GJ, Rijlaarsdam ME, Strengers JL, Eveleigh RM, Poulino SE et al. A multicenter, long-term study on arrhythmias in children with Ebstein anomaly. Pediatr Cardiol 2010;31:229–33.
234. Karamlou T, Silber I, Lao R, McCrindle B, Harris L. Outcome after late reoperation in patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot: the impact of arrhythmia and arrhythmia surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2006;81:1786–92.
235. Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Deal BJ. Late reoperations for Fontan patients: state of the art invited review. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;34:1034–40.
236. Rao HB1, Yu R, Chitnis N, DO D, Boyle NG2, Shivkumar K et al. Ventricular tachycardia ablation in the presence of left ventricular thrombus: safety and efficacy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016;27:453–9.
237. Harrild DM, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Geva T, Gauvreau K, Pigula F et al. Pulmonary valve replacement in tetralogy of Fallot: impact on survival and ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 2009;119:445–51.
238. Brown ML, Dearani JA, Danielson GK, Cetta F, Connolly HM, Warnes CA; Mayo Clinic Congenital Heart Center et al. The outcomes of operations for 539 patients with Ebstein anomaly. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;135:1120–36.
239. Mah DY, Alexander ME, Cecchin F, Walsh EP, Triedman JK. The electroanatomic mechanisms of atrial tachycardia in patients with tetralogy of Fallot and double outlet right ventricle. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2011;22:1013–7.
240. Deal BJ, Costello JM, Webster G, Tsao B, Backer CL, Mavroudis C. Intermediate-term outcome of 140 consecutive Fontan conversions with arrhythmia operations. Ann Thorac Surg 2016;101:717–24.
241. Khairy P, Poirier N. Is the extracardiac conduit the preferred Fontan approach for patients with univentricular heart? The extracardiac conduit is not the preferred Fontan approach for patients with univentricular heart. Circulation 2010; 2;126:2516–25.
242. Aboulhosn J, Williams R, Shivkumar K, Barkowski R, Plunkett M, Miner P et al. Arrhythmia recurrence in adult patients with single ventricle physiology following Fontan conversion. Congenit Heart Dis 2010;5:430–8.
243. Jonas RA. The intra/extracardiac conduir fenestrated Fontan. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2011;14:11–8.
244. Deal BJ, Mavroudis C, Backer CL. Beyond Fontan coversion: surgical therapy of arrhythmias including patients with associated complex heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:542–53. discussion 553-554.
245. Giamberti A, Chessa M, Abella R, Butera G, Negura D, Foresti S et al. Surgical treatment of arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart defects. Int J Cardiol 2008;129:37–41.
246. Giamberti A, Pluchinotta FR, Chessa M et al. Surgery for supraventricular tachycardia and congenital heart defects: long-term efficacy of the combined approach in adult patients. Europace 2017;19:1542–8.
247. Mavroudis C, Deal BJ, Backer CL, Tsao S. Arrhythmia surgery in patients with and without congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2008;86:857–68.
248. Poh CL, Cochrane A, Galati JC, Bullock A, Celermajer DS, Gentles T et al. Ten-year outcomes of Fontan conversio´ n in Australia and New Zealand demonstrate the superiority of a strategy of early conversio´n. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2016;49:530–5.
249. Kao JM, Alejos JC, Grant PW, Williams RG, Shannon KM, Laks H. Conversion of atriopulmonary to cavopulmonary anastomosis in management of late arrhythmias and atrial thrombosis. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:1510–4.
250. Huhta JC, Smallhorn JF, Macartney FJ, Anderson RH, De Leval M. Cross-sectional echocardiographic diagnosis of systemic venous return. Br Heart J 1982; 48:388–403.
251. Buirski G, Jordan SC, Joffe HS, Wilde P. Superior vena caval abnormalities: their occurrence rate, associated cardiac abnormalities and angiographic classification in a paediatric population with congenital heart disease. Clin Radiol 1986;37: 131–8.
252. McLeod CJ, Attenhofer Jost CH, Warnes CA, Hodge D 2nd, Hyberger L, Connolly HM et al. Epicardial versus endocardial permanent pacing in adults with congenital heart disease. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2010;28:235–43.
253. Johnsrude CL, Backer CL, Deal BJ, Strasburger JF, Mavroudis C. Transmural atrial pacing in patients with postoperative congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 1999;10:351–7.
254. McCanta AC, Kong MH, Carboni MP et al. Laser lead extraction in congenital heart disease: a case-controlled study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013;36:372–80.
255. Cecchin F, Atallah J, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Berul CI et al. Lead extraction in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:437–44.
256. Garnreiter J, Whitaker P, Pilcher T, Etheridge S, Saarel E. Lumenless pacing leads: performance and extraction in pediatrics and congenital heart disease. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2015;38:42–7.
257. Shepherd E, Stuart G, Martin R, Walsh MA. Extraction of SelectSecure leads compared to conventional pacing leads in patients with congenital heart disease and congenital atrioventricular block. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:1227–32.
258. Tomaske M, Preˆtre R, Rahn M, Bauersfeld U. Epicardial and pleural lead ICD systems in children and adolescents maintain functionality over 5 years. Europace 2008;10:1152–6.
259. Radbill AE, Triedman JK, Berul CI, Fynn-Thompson F, Atallah J, Alexander ME et al. System survival of nontransvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators compared to transvenous implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:193–8.
260. Wilson DG, Zeb M, Veldtman G, Dimitrov BD, Morgan JM. Left and right parasternal sensing for the S-ICD in adult congenital heart disease patients and normal controls. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2016;39:282–90.
261. Chakrabarti S, Szantho G, Turner MS, Stuart G, Martin RP. Use of radiofrequency perforation for lead placement in biventricular or conventional endocardial pacing after Mustard or Senning operations for D-transposition of the great arteries. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:1123–9.
262. Ruckdeschel ES1, Quaife R, Lewkowiez L, Kay J, Sauer WH, Collins KK et al. Preprocedural imaging in patients with transposition of the great arteries facilitates placement of cardiac resynchronization therapy leads. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2014;37:546–53.
263. Arif S, Clift PF, De Giovanni JV. Permanent trans-venous pacing in an extracardiac Fontan circulation. Europace 2016;18:304–7.
264. Moore JP, Shannon KM. Transpulmonary atrial pacing: an approach to transvenous pacemaker implantation after extracardiac conduit fontan surgery. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2014;25:1028–31. 766
265. Rosenthal E, Konta L. Transvenous atrial pacing from the superior vena cava stump after the Hemi-Fontan operation: a new approach. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013;37:531–6.
266. Nery PB, Green MS, Khairy P. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator insertion in congenital heart disease without transvenous access to the heart. Can J Cardiol 2013;29:254.e1–.e3.
267. Adwani SS, Sreeram N, DeGiovanni JV. Percutaneous transhepatic dual chamber pacing in children with Fontan circulation. Heart 1997;77:574–5.
268. Chubb H, O’neill M, Rosenthal E. Pacing and defibrillators in complex congenital heart disease. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev 2016;5:57–64.
269. Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM et al. ACC/AHA 2008 Guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2008;118:e714–833.
270. Loomba RS, Willes RJ, Kovach JR, Anderson RH. Chronic arrhythmias in the setting of heterotaxy: differences between right and left isomerism. Congenit Heart Dis 2016;11:7–18.
271. Anderson JB, Czosek RJ, Knilans TK, Meganathan K, Heaton P. Postoperative heart block in children with common forms of congenital heart disease: results from the KID Database. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012;23:1349–54.
272. Paech C, Da¨hnert I, Kostelka M, Mende M, Gebauer R. Association of temporary complete AV block and junctional ectopic tachycardia after surgery for congenital heart disease. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2015;8:14–9.
273. Zeb M, Curzen N, Veldtman G, Yue A, Roberts P, Wilson D et al. Potential eligibility of congenital heart disease patients for subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator based on surface electrocardiogram mapping. Europace 2015;17:1059–67.
274. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NA 3rd, Freedman RA, Gettes LS; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines; Heart Rhythm Society et al. 2012 ACCF/ AHA/HRS focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:e6–75.
275. Paul T, Ruschewski W, Janousek J. Guidelines for the management of congenital heart diseases in childhood and adolescence. Bradycardias and cardiac pacing in children. Cardiol Young 2017;27(Suppl. 3):S71–3.
276. .Albin J, Hayes DL, Holmes DR. Sinus node dysfunction in pediatric and young adult patients: treatment by implantation of a permanent pacemaker in 39 cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1985;60:667–72.
277. Ector H, Van der Hauwaert LG. Sick sinus syndrome in childhood. Br Heart J 1980;44:684–91.
278. Beder SD, Gillette PC, Garson A, Jr, Porter CB, McNamara DG. Symptomatic sick sinus syndrome in children and adolescents as the only manifestation of cardiac abnormality or associated with unoperated congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:1133–6.
279. Silka MJ, Manwill JR, Kron J, McAnulty JH. Bradycardia-mediated tachyarrhythmias in congenital heart disease and responses to chronic pacing at physiologic rates. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:488–93.
280. Moak JP, Hasbani K, Ramwell C, Freedenberg V, Berger JT, DiRusso G et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy following right ventricular pacing for AV block in young patients: resolution after upgrading to biventricular pacing systems. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2006;17:1068–71.
281. Kim JJ, Friedman RA, Eidem BW, Cannon BC, Arora G, Smith EO et al. Ventricular function and long-term pacing in children with congenital complete atrioventricular block. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18:373–7.
282. van Geldorp IE, Delhaas T, Gebauer RA, Frias P, Tomaske M, Friedberg MK, Working Group for Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology et al. Impact of the permanent ventricular pacing site on left ventricular function in children: a retrospective multicentre survey. Heart 2011;97:2051–5.
283. Janouvsek J, van Geldorp IE, KrupicvKova´ S, Rosenthal E, Nugent K, Tomaske M, Working Group for Cardiac Dysrhythmias and Electrophysiology of the Association for European Pediatric Cardiology et al. Permanent cardiac pacing in children: choosing the optimal pacing site: a multicenter study. Circulation 2013;127:613–23.
284. Acosta H, Viafara LM, Izquierdo D, Pothula VR, Bear J, Pothula S et al. Atrial lead placement at the lower atrial septum: a potential strategy to reduce unnecessary right ventricular pacing. Europace 2012;14:1311–6.
285. Wang M, Siu CW, Lee KL, Yue WS, Yan GH, Lee S et al. Effects of right low atrial septal vs. right atrial appendage pacing on atrial mechanical function and dyssynchrony in patients with sinus node dysfunction and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Europace 2011;13:1268–74.
286. Zilberman MV, Karpawich PP. Alternate site atrial pacing in the young: conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler analysis of the effects on atrial function and ventricular filling. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2007;30:755–60.
287. Khairy P, Roux JF, Dubuc M, Thibault B, Guerra PG, Macle L et al. Laser lead extraction in adult congenital heart disease. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2007;18: 507–11.
288. Cecchin F, Atallah J, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Berul CI. Lead extraction in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:437–44.
289. Fender EA, Killu AM, Cannon BC, Friedman PA, Mcleod CJ, Hodge DO et al. Lead extraction outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease. Europace 2017;19:441–6.
290. Wilkoff BL, Love CJ, Byrd CL, Bongiorni MG, Carrillo RG, Crossley GH 3rd; Heart Rhythm Society; American Heart Association et al. Transvenous lead extraction: Heart Rhythm Society expert consensus on facilities, training, indications, and patient management: this document was endorsed by the American Heart Association (AHA). Heart Rhythm 2009;6:1085–10.
291. Yap SC, Roos-Hesselink JW, Hoendermis ES, Budts W, Vliegen HW, Mulder BJ et al. Outcome of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in adults with congenital heart disease: a multi-centre study. Eur Heart J 2007;28:1854–61.
292. Witte KK, Pepper CB, Cowan JC, Thomson JD, English KM, Blackburn ME. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy in adult patients with tetralogy of Fallot. Europace 2008;10:926–30.
293. Khanna AD, Warnes CA, Phillips SD, Lin G, Brady PA. Single-center experience with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in adults with complex congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2011;108:729–34.
294. Buber J, Ackley TJ, Daniels CJ, Roble SL, Mah ML, Kamp AN et al. Outcomes following the implantation of cardioverter-defibrillator for primary prevention in transposition of the great arteries after intra-atrial baffle repair: a singlecentre experience. Europace 2016;18:1016–22.
295. Berul CI, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ, Dubin AM, Cecchin F, Collins KK et al. Results of a multicenter retrospective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry of pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51:1685–91.
296. C¸eliker A, Olgun H, Karagoz T, O¨ zer S, O¨ zkutlu S, Alehan D. Midterm experience with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and young adults. Europace 2010;12:1732–8.
297. Jordan CP, Freedenberg V, Wang Y, Curtis JP, Gleva MJ, Berul CI. Implant and clinical characteristics for pediatric and congenital heart patients in the National Cardiovascular Data Registry implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:1092–100.
298. Cannon BC, Friedman RA, Fenrich AL, Fraser CD, McKenzie ED, Kertesz NJ. Innovative techniques for placement of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads in patients with limited venous access to the heart. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:181–7.
299. Kella DK, Merchant FM, Veledar E, Book W, Lloyd MS. Lesion-specific differences for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies in adults with congenital heart disease. Pacing Cardiac Electrophysiol 2014;37:1492–8.
300. Ezzat V, Lee V, Ahsan S, Chow A, Segal O, Rowland E et al. A systematic review of ICD complications in randomised controlled trials versus registries: is our ‘real-world’ data an underestimation? Open Heart 2015;2:e000198. doi:10.1136/ openhrt-2014000198.
301. Cook SC, Valente AM, Maul TM, Dew MA, Hickey J, Jennifer Burger P et al. Shock-related anxiety and sexual function in adults with congenital heart disease and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Heart Rhythm 2013;10:805–10.
302. Moore JP, Monde´sert B, Lloyd MS, Cook SC, Zaidi AN, Pass RH et al. Clinical experience with the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in adults with congenital heart disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9. doi:10. 1161/CIRCEP.116.004338.
303. Kalra Y, Radbill AE, Johns JA, Fish FA, Kannankeril PJ. Antitachycardia pacing reduces appropriate and inappropriate shocks in children and congenital heart disease patients. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:1829–34.
304. Ghai A, Silversides C, Harris L, Webb GD, Siu SC, Therrien J. Left ventricular dysfunction is a risk factor for sudden cardiac death in adults late after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1675–80.
305. Gallego P, Gonzalez AE, Sanchez-Recalde A, Peinado R, Polo L, Gomez-Rubin C et al. Incidence and predictors of sudden cardiac arrest in adults with congenital heart defects repaired before adult life. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:109–17.
306. Everitt MD, Donaldson AE, Stehlik J, Kaza AK, Budge D, Alharethi R et al. Would access to device therapies improve transplant outcomes for adults with congenital heart disease? Analysis of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:395–401.
307. Aziz S, Leon AR, El-Chami MF. The subcutaneous defibrillator: a review of the literature. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:1473–9.
308. Tan VH, Wilton SB, Kuriachan V, Sumner GL, Exner DV. Impact of programming strategies aimed at reducing nonessential implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies on mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:164–70.
309. Garnreiter JM, Pilcher TA, Etheridge SP, Saarel EV. Inappropriate ICD shocks in pediatrics and congenital heart disease patients: risk factors and programming strategies. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:937–42.
310. Wilkoff BL, Fauchier L, Stiles MK, Morillo CA, Al-Khatib SM, Almendral J et al. 2015 HRS/EHRA/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on optimal implantable cardioverter-defibrillator programming and testing. Europace 2016; 18:159–83.
311. Prinzen FW, Hunter WC, Wyman BT, McVeigh ER. Mapping of regional myocardial strain and work during ventricular pacing: experimental study using magnetic resonance imaging tagging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:1735–42.
312. Chakir K, Daya SK, Tunin RS, Helm RH, Byrne MJ, Dimaano VL et al. Reversal of global apoptosis and regional stress kinase activation by cardiac resynchronization. Circulation 2008;117:1369–77.
313. Vanderheyden M, Mullens W, Delrue L, Goethals M, de Bruyne B, Wijns W et al. Myocardial gene expression in heart failure patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy responders versus nonresponders. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:129–36.
314. Zareba W, Klein H, Cygankiewicz I, Hall WJ, McNitt S, Brown M, MADIT-CRT Investigators et al. Effectiveness of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy by QRS Morphology in the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (MADIT-CRT). Circulation 2011;123: 1061–72.
315. van Geldorp IE, Bordachar P, Lumens J, de Guillebon M, Whinnett ZI, Prinzen FW et al. Acute hemodynamic benefits of biventricular and single-site systemic ventricular pacing in patients with a systemic right ventricle. Heart Rhythm 2013; 10:676–82.
316. Risum N, Jons C, Olsen NT, Fritz-Hansen T, Bruun NE, Hojgaard MV et al. Simple regional strain pattern analysis to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: rationale, initial results, and advantages. Am Heart J 2012;163: 697–704.
317. Kass DA. An epidemic of dyssynchrony: but what does it mean? J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:12–7.
318. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, Freemantle N, Gras D, Kappenberger L et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539–49.
319. Hui W, Slorach C, Dragulescu A, Mertens L, Bijnens B, Friedberg MK. Mechanisms of right ventricular electromechanical dyssynchrony and mechanical inefficiency in children after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2014;7:610–8.
320. Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, St John Sutton M, Ghio S, Daubert C. Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1834–43.
321. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Klein H, Brown MW, Daubert JP et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart failure events. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1329–38.
322. Strieper M, Karpawich P, Frias P, Gooden K, Ketchum D, Fyfe D et al. Initial experience with cardiac resynchronization therapy for ventricular dysfunction in young patients with surgically operated congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2004;94:1352–4.
323. Koyak Z, de Groot JR, Krimly A, Mackay TM, Bouma BJ, Silversides CK et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in adults with congenital heart disease. Europace 2017 Jan 20 [Epub ahead of print];pii:euw386. doi: 10.1093/europace/ euw386.
324. Khairy P, Fournier A, Thibault B, Dubuc M, Therien J, Vobecky SJ. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2006;109: 160–8.
325. Dubin AM, Feinstein JA, Reddy VM, Hanley FL, Van Hare GF, Rosenthal DN. Electrical resynchronization: a novel therapy for the failing right ventricle. Circulation 2003;107:2287–9.
326. Thambo JB, Dos Santos P, De Guillebon M, Roubertie F, Labrousse L, Sacher F et al. Biventricular stimulation improves right and left ventricular function after tetralogy of Fallot repair: acute animal and clinical studies. Heart Rhythm 2010;7: 344–50.
327. Kubuvs P, Materna O, Tax P, Tomek V, Janouvsek J. Successful permanent resynchronization for failing right ventricle after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Circulation 2014;130:e186–90.
328. Gebauer RA, Tomek V, Salameh A, Marek J, Chaloupeck'y V, Gebauer R et al. Predictors of left ventricular remodelling and failure in right ventricular pacing in the young. Eur Heart J 2009;30:1097–104.
329. Horovitz A, De Guillebon M, van Geldorp IE, Bordachar P, Roubertie F, Iriart X et al. Effects of nonsystemic ventricular pacing in patients with transposition of the great arteries and atrial redirection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012;23: 766–70.
330. Jauvert G, Rousseau-Paziaud J, Villain E, Iserin L, Hidden-Lucet F, Ladouceur M et al. Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on echocardiographic indices, functional capacity, and clinical outcomes of patients with a systemic right ventricle. Europace 2009;11:184–90.
331. Janousek J, Tomek V, Chaloupecky VA, Reich O, Gebauer RA, Kautzner J et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: a novel adjunct to the treatment and prevention of systemic right ventricular failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1927–31.
332. Cecchin F, Frangini PA, Brown DW, FynnThompson F, Alexander ME, Triedman JK. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (and multisite pacing) in pediatrics and congenital heart disease: five years experience in a single institution. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2009;20:58–65.
333. Dubin AM, Janousek J, Rhee E, Strieper MJ, Cecchin F, Law IH et al. Resynchronization therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients: an international multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:2277–83.
334. Janousek J, Gebauer RA, Abdul-Khaliq H, Turner M, Kornyei L, Grollmuss O et al. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy in paediatric and congenital heart disease: differential effects in various anatomical and functional substrates. Heart 2009;95:1165–71.
335. Janousek J, Vojtovic P, Hucin B, Tlaskal T, Gebauer RA, Gebauer R et al. Resynchronization pacing is a useful adjunct to the management of acute heart failure after surgery for congenital heart defects. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:145–52.
336. Thambo JB, De Guillebon M, Xhaet O, Dos Santos P, Roubertie F, Labrousse L et al. Biventricular pacing in patients with tetralogy of Fallot: non-invasive epicardial mapping and clinical impact. Int J Cardiol 2013;163:170–4.
337. Plymen CM, Finlay M, Tsang V, O’leary J, Picaut N, Cullen S et al. Haemodynamic consequences of targeted singleand dual-site right ventricular pacing in adults with congenital heart disease undergoing surgical pulmonary valve replacement. Europace 2015;17:274–80.
338. Thibault B, Harel F, Ducharme A, White M, Ellenbogen KA, Frasure-Smith N et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and a QRS complex <120 milliseconds: the evaluation of resynchronization therapy for heart failure (LESSER-EARTH) trial. Circulation 2013;127:873–81.
339. Sakaguchi H, Miyazaki A, Yamada O, Kagisaki K, Hoashi T, Ichikawa H et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for various systemic ventricular morphologies in patients with congenital heart disease. Circ J 2015;79:649–55. 

[PDF] [Зміст журналу]  

 

 

Crossref Member Badge

slot demo pg