Experience of implantation of the left ventricular electrode by means of interventricular septum puncture for resynchronization therapy in a patient with heart failure
B.B. Kravchuk, Yu.І. Karpenko, M.M. Petkanych, O.Z. Paratsii, A.V. Yakushev, R.G. Malyarchuk, V.V. Shapovalova, M.M. Sichik
References
1. Leyva F, Nisam S, Auricchio A. 20 Years of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. J. Amer. Coll. Cardiology. 2014;64(10):1047-1058. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1178.
2. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J. et al, for the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators Cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced heart failure. New Engl. J. Med. 2004;350:2140-2150. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa032423.
3. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E. et al, for the Cardiac Resynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) study investigators The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. New Engl. J. Med. 2005;352:1539-1549. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050496.
4. Chatterjee NA, Singh JP. Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Past, Present, and Future. Heart Failure Clin. 2015;11:287-303. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2014.12.007.
5. Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL. et al. Cardiac Resynchronization in Chronic Heart Failure. New Engl. J. Med. 2002;346:1845-1853. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa013168.
6. Özcan EE, Ozturk A, Ozel E. The impact of the left ventricular pacing polarity and localization during cardiac resynchronization therapy on depolarization and repolarization parameters. Anatol. J. Cardiol. 2018;19:00-00. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.092.
7. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD. et al. 2016 esc guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) developed with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2016;37:2129-2200. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128.
8. Barbero U, Budano C, Golzio PG. et al. Combining electromagnetic navigation and 3-d mapping to reduce fluoroscopy time and achieve optimal CRT response. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 2017;4. doi: 10.1111/pace.13209.
9. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS. et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. New Engl. J. Med. 2009;361:1329-1338. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0906431.
10. Yuksel FErD, Hellmich M, Gassanov N. Comparison of conventional versus steerable-catheter guided coronary sinus lead positioning in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization device implantation. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0143292. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143292.
11. Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M. et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. New Engl. J. Med. 2010;363:2385-2395. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1009540.
12. Simantirakis EN, Papakonstantinou PE. Left ventricular lead implantation in cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT): A challenging procedure. Hellenic J. Cardiology. 2018. Available online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hjc.2018.02.011.
13. Gamble JHP, Herring N, Ginks MR. et al. Endocardial left ventricular pacing across the interventricular septum for cardiac resynchronization therapy: Clinical results of a pilot study. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.02.032.
[PDF] | [Contents] |
A rare case of recurrent polychondritis with aortic valve involvement
N.V. Bortniak, O.A. Yepanchintseva, G.I. Kovtun, S.I. Dorofeieva, O.S. Chumak, G.M. Prus, O.J. Zharinov, B.M. Todurov
References
1. Badokin V.V. Rheumatology. Clinical lectures. Мoskva: Litera, 2014.– 592 p. (in Russ.).
2. Djuraeva ER, Ganischeva NA. Modern approaches to the treatment of recurrent polychondritis. Questions of organization and informatization of health care. Application. Materials of the III European Congress of Rheumatology. 2016.(in Russ.).
3. Kornilova EV, Mayorova YuN., Belyaeva EA. Recurrent polychondritis - diagnostic difficulties. Bulletin of new medical technologies. 2013;20(2):365–368.(in Russ.).
4. Mishkin IA., Avdeeva OS Features of diagnosis of recurrent polychondritis in therapeutic practice (clinical case). Bulletin of new electronic technologies, electronic journal. 2018;3:66–68. (in Russ.).
5. Saykovskaya RS, Babak VV, Grigorieva MA. Recurrent polychondritis. A case from practice. Clinical practice. 2011;4:44–49. (in Russ.).
6. Saykovsky VV, Babak VV, Grigorieva MA. A case from practice. Clinical practice. 2011;4:44–49. (in Russ.).
7. Tyurin VP, Mezenova TV. Successful diagnosis and treatment of recurrent polychondritis. National Medical and Surgical Center. N.I. Pirogov. 2008;3(1):150–152. (in Russ.).
8. Hakim A, Clooney G, Hak I. Handbook of Rheumatology. Мoskva:Geotar-Media, 2010. 560 p. (in Russ.).
9. Chernyak VI., Savelyev AI., Pogromov AP. Damage to the nervous system in recurrent polychondritis. Clinical medicine. 2016;94(2):22–28.(in Russ.).
10. Shilkina NP., Masika IV., Osipova SYu., Klokov AV. Recurrent polychondritis in the practice of a rheumatologist. Scientific and practical rheumatology. 2018:56(2):253–258.(in Russ.).
11. Carlanda C, Dinarello C.A, Mantovani A. The interleukin-1 family: back to the future the interleukin-1 family: back to the future. Immunity.– 2013;39:1003–1018. doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2013.11.010.
12. Foldart J.M, Abe S, Martin G.R, Zizic T.M. Antibodies to type II collagen in relapsing polychondritis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1987;299:1203–1207.
13. He Y, Lin H, Ji Z. et al. Surgical interventions for late ocular complications of relapsing polychondritis. Amer. J. Ophtalmology Case Reports. 2017;5:63–66. doi.org/10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.12.007.
14. Lahmer T, Treiber M, von Werder A. et al. Relapsing polychondritis: an autoimmune diasease with many faces. Autoimmun. Rev. 2010;9:540–546. doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2010.02.016.
15. Mathew S.D, Baltafarano D.F, Morris M.J. Relapsing polychondritis in the Department of Defense population and review of literature. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;42(1):70–83. doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2011.12.007.
16. Mathian A, Miyara M, Cohen-Aubarteta F. et al. Relapsing polychondritis: a 2016 update on clinical features, diagnostic tools, treatment and biological drug use. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rhaumatol. 2016:30 (2):316–333. doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2016.08.001
17. McAdam L.P, O'Hanlan M.A, Blueston R, Pearson C.M. Relapsing polychondritis: protective study of 23 patients and review of literature. Baltimor: Medicine. 1976:555.
18. Michet C.J. Last literature review version. Clinica Mayo. 2011;19(2).
19. Michet C.J, McKenna C.H, Luthra H.S, O’Fallon W.M. Relapsing polychondritis: survival and predictive role of early disease manifestations. Ann. Intern. Med. – 1986;104 (1):74–78.
20. Nakano K, Aritimi T, Ohkubo N, Tanaka Y. et al. Relapsing polychondritis diagnosed by fusion images of gallium-67 single photon emission computed tomography / computed tomography. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69 (12):2406. doi.org/10.1002/art.40234.
[PDF] | [Contents] |
Intermediate results of ultrasonic aortic valve decalcification
B.M. Todurov, А.V. Markovets, V.O. Shevchenko, V.V. Pogrebnyak, V.G. Kolesnikov, O.M. Fursa, D.V. Seara, M.V. Khartanovich, V.B. Demyanchuk
References
1. Method of treating sore throat aortic stenosis. Patent of Ukraine N 105208 dated dated 10.03.2016.
2. Brener SJ, Duffy CJ, Thomas JD, Stuart WJ. Progression of aortic stenosis in 394 patients: relation to changes in myocardial and mitral valve dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:305-10. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00406-g.
3. Cosgrove DM., Ratliff NB., Edwards WD., Schaff HV. Aortic valve decalcification: history repeated a new result. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49:689-690. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(90)90002-N.
4. Fallon JM, DeSimone JP, Brennan JM, O’Brien S, Thibault DP, DiScipio AW, Pibarot P, Jacobs JP, Malenka DJ. The Incidence and Consequence of Prosthesis-Patient Mismatch After Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;106:14-23. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.01.090 .
5. Freeman WE., Schaff HV., King RM., Orszulak TA. Ultrasonicaortic valve decalcification: Doppler echocardiographic evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11: 229. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90352-p.
6. Hammermeister K, Sethi K, Henderson W, Grover F, Oprian C, Rahimtoola S. Outcomes 15 Years After Valve Replacement With a Mechanical Versus a Bioprosthetic Valve: Final Report of the Veterans Affairs Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:1152–8. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00834-2.
7. Horstkotte D, Loogen F. The natural history of aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 1988;9(Suppl E):57-64. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/9.suppl_e.57.
8. Kim KM. Apoptosis and calcification. Scanning Microsc. 1995; 9:1137-1178.
9. Lindroos M, Kupari M, Heikkila J, Tilvis R. Prevalence of aortic valve abnormalities in the elderly: an echocardiographic study of a random population sample. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;21:1220-1225. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90249-z.
10. Mindich BP, Guarino T, Krenz H, Li X, Gonzalez E. Aortic valve salvage utilizing high frequency vibratory debridement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;11:3A.
11. Mohler ER III, Gannon F, Reynolds C, Zimmerman R, Heane MG, Kaplan FS. Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves. Circulation. 2001;103:1522-30. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.103.11.1522.
12. Ortlepp JR, Schmitz F, Mevissen V. Theamountofcalcium – deficient hexagonal hydroxypatite in aortic valves is influenced by gender and associated with genetic polymorphisms in patients calcific aortic stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:514-522. doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.006.
13. Piper C, Bergemann R, Schulte H, Koerfer R, Horstkotte D. Can Progression of Valvar Aortic Stenosis Be Predicted Accurately? Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76:676-80. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(03)00566-6.
14. Sverdlov A, Ngo DTM, Chapman M, Ali OA, Chirkov YY, Horowitz JD. Pathogenesis of aortic stenosis: not just a matter of wear and tear. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;1(2):185-199.
[PDF] | [Contents] |
Perfusion mode as a factor of appearance of cognitive dysfunction in patients after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
S.M. Sudakevych, О.А. Loskutov, І.P. Shlapak, V.V. Babenko, B.М. Todurov
References
- Joshi B, Ono M, Brown C. et al. Predicting the limits of cerebral autoregulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesth. Analg. 2012;114:503-510. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31823d292a.
- Murphy G, Hessel E, Groom R. Optimal perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass: an evidence-based approach. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(5):1394-1417. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181875e2e.
- Neuman S, Stygall J, Hurani C. et al. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2007;106(3):572-590. doi:10.1097/00000542-200703000-00023.
- Probasco J, Sahin B, Tran T. et al. The preoperative neurological evaluation. Neurohospitalist. 2013;3(4):209-220. doi:10.1177/1941874413476042.
- Rickards CA, Tzeng Y-C. Arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow variability: friend or foe? A review. Front. Physiol. 2014;5:120. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00120.
- Shroyer AL, Grover FL, Hattler B. et al. On-pump versus off-pump coronary-artery bypass surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 2009;361:1827-1837. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0902905.
- Szwed K, Bieliński M, Drozdz W. et al. Cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Psychiatr. Pol. 2012;46(3):473–482.
- Wesselink E, Kappen T, van Klei et al. Intraoperative hypotension and delirium after on-pump cardiac surgery. Brit. J. Anaesth. 2015;115(3):427–433. doi:10.1093/bja/aev256.
[PDF] | [Contents] |
Predictors of late complications after coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with stable coronary heart disease
I.V. Shklianka, O.J. Zharinov, К.O. Mikhaliev ,O.A. Yepanchintseva, B.M. Todurov
References
-
1.ACCF/ASE/ACEP/ASNC/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR 2007 appropriateness criteria for transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. J. Amer. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2007;20:787-805.
2.Al Ruzzeh S, Nakamura K, Athanasiou T, Modine T, Shane G, Yacoub M, Ilsley C, Amrani M. Does off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) surgery improve the outcome in high-risk patients? A comparative study of 1398 high-risk patients. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2003;23:50-55. doi.org/10.1016/s1010-7940(02)00654-1.
3.Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR, Athyrou VV, Symeonidis AN, Basayannis EO, Demitriadis DS, Kontopoulos AG. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National cholesterol educational program goal versus "usual" care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention: The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation Study (GREACE). Cur. Med. Res. Opin. 2002;18:220-228. doi.org/10.1185/030079902125000787.
4.Barner HB. Operative treatment of coronary atherosclerosis. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2008;85:1473-1482. doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2008.01.014.
5.Coca SG, Yusuf B, Shlipak MG, Garg AX, Parikh CR. Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2009;53:961-973. doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2008.11.034.
6.Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I, Reichek N. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am. J. Cardiol. 1986;57:450.
7.Domanski MJ, Borkowf CB, Campeau L, Knatterud GL, White C, Hoogwerf B, Rosenberg Y, Geller NL. Prognostic factors for atherosclerosis progression in saphenous vein grafts: the postcoronary artery bypass graft (Post-CABG) trial. Post-CABG Trial Investigators. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000;36:1877-1883. doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00973-6
8.Farkouh ME, Domanski M, Sleeper LA, Siami FS, Dangas G, Mack M, Yang M, Cohen DJ, Rosenberg Y, Solomon SD, Desai AS, Gersh BJ, Magnuson EA, Lansky A, Boineau R, Weinberger J, Ramanathan K, Sousa JE, Rankin J, Bhargava B, Buse J, Hueb W, Smith CR, Muratov V, Bansilal S, King S 3rd, Bertrand M, Fuster V; FREEDOM Trial Investigators. Strategies for multivessel revascularization in patients with diabetes. New Engl. J. Med. 2012;367:2375-2384. doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1211585.
9.Filsoufi F, Jouan J, Chilkwe J, Rahmanian PR, Castillo J, Carpentier AF, Adams DH. Results and predictors of early and late outcome of coronary artery bypass graft surgery in patient with ejection fraction less than 20 %. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2008;101(9):547-556. doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2008.09.008.
10.Flynn M, Reddy S, Shepherd W, Holmes C, Armstrong D, Lunn C, Khan K, Kendall S. Fast-tracking revisited: routine cardiac surgical patients need minimal intensive care. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2004;25:116-122. doi.org/10.1016/s1010-7940(03)00608-0.
11.Hobson CE, Yavas S, Segal MS, Schold JD, Tribble CG, Layon AJ, Bihorac A. Acute kidney injury is associated with inсreased long-term mortality after cardiothoracic surgery. Circulation. 2009;119:2444-2453. doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.800011.
12.Kang S, Liu Y, Liu X.B. Effects of aggressive statin therapy on patients with coronary saphenous vein bypass grafts: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Clin. Ther. 2013;35(8):1125-1136. doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.06.006.
13.Katritsis DG, Ioannidis JP. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus conservative therapy in nonacute coronary artery disease: a metaanalysis. Circulation. 2005;111(22):2906-2912. doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.104.521864.
14.Kulik A, Brookhart MA, Levin R, Ruel M, Solomon DH, Choudhry NK. Impact of Statin Use on Outcomes After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Circulation. 2008;118:1785-1792. doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.108.799445.
15.Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru D, Picard MH, Rietzschel ER, Rudski L, Spencer KT, Tsang W, Voigt JU. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. JASE. 2015;28(1):1-39. doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.
16.Monaco M, Stassano P, Di Tommaso L, Pepino P, Giordano A, Pinna GB, Iannelli G, Ambrosio G. Systematic strategy of prophylactic coronary angiography improves long-term outcome after major vascular surgery in medium-to high-risk patients: a prospective, randomized study. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009;54:989-996. doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.041
17.Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Achenbach S. et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease. The task force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 2013;34:2949-3003. doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht296.
18.Neumann F-J, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A. et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization The Task Force on myocardial revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur. Heart J. 2018;00:1-96. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy394.
19.Philip F, Blackstone E, Kapadia SR. Impact of statins and beta-blocker therapy on mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Cardiovasc. Diagn. Ther. 2015;5(1):8-16.
20.Sahin T, Ural D, Kilic T. et al. Evaluation of left atrial appendaje functions according to different etiologies of atrial fibrillation with a tissue Doppler imaging technique by using transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2009;26:171-181. doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8175.2008.00794.x.
21.Soliman Hamad MA, van Straten AHM, Schönbergeret J. et al. Preoperative ejection fraction as a predictor of survival after coronary artery bypass grafting: comparison with a matched general population. Cardiothorac. Surg. 2010;5:29-36. doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-5-29.
22.Tavilla G, Kappetein AP, Braun J. et al. Long-term follow-up of coronary artery bypass grafting in three-vessel disease using exclusively pedicled bilateral internal thoracic and right gastroepiploic arteries. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004;77:794-799. doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(03)01659-x.
23.Thakar C, Worley S, Arrigain S, Yared JP, Paganini E. Influence of renal dysfunction on mortality after cardiac surgery: modifying effect of preoperative renal function. Kidney Int. 2005;67:1112-1119. doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00177.x.
24.Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Jones RH. et al. Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. New Engl. J. Med. 2016;374:1511-1520. doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1602001.
25.Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, Davis K, Killip T, Passamani E, Norris R. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the coronary artery bypass graft surgery trialists collaboration. Lancet. 1994;344(8922):563-570. doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91963-1.
[PDF] | [Contents] |
Relation of body mass index to postoperative atrial fibrillation
A.C. Iliescu, F.C. Corciova, I. Achitei, M. Floria, G. Tinica
References
- Abed HS, Samuel CS, Lau DH, Kelly DJ, Royce SG, Alasady M, Mahajan R, Kuklik P, Zhang Y, Brooks AG, Nelson AJ, Worthley SG, Abhayaratna WP, Kalman JM, Wittert GA, Sanders P. Obesity results in progressive atrial structural and electrical remodeling: implications for atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2013;10:90-100. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2012.08.043.
- Aranki SF, Shaw DP, Adams DH, Rizzo RJ, Couper GS, VanderVliet M, Collins JJ Jr, Cohn LH, Burstin HR. Predictors of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. Current trends and impact on hospital resources. Circulation. 1996;94:390-7.
- Boiculese LV, Dimitriu G, Moscalu M. Elemente de biostatistică- Analiza statistică a datelor biologice. Editura PIM. Iasi, 2007.
- Ducceschi V, D'Andrea A, Galderisi M, De Feo M, Limongelli G, Mercurio B, Sarubbi B, Caso P, Cerasuolo F, Cotrufo M. Risk predictors of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation following aortic valve replacement. Ital Heart J. 2001;2:507-12.
- Engeli S, Sharma AM. The renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptides in obesity-associated hypertension. J Mol Med (Berl). 2001;79(1):21-9.
- Filardo G, Hamilton C, Hamman B, Hamman В., Grayburn P. New-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation and long-term survival after aortic valve replacement surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;90:474-479.
- Goudis CA, Korantzopoulos P, Ntalas IV, Kallergis EM, Ketikoglou DG. Obesity and atrial fibrillation: a comprehensive review of the pathophysiological mechanisms and links. J Cardiol. 2015;66.361-369.
- Iliescu AC, Salaru DL, Achitei I, Grecu M, Floria M, Tinica G. Postoperative atrial fibrillation prediction following isolated surgical aortic valve replacement. Anatol J Cardiol. 2018;19(6):394-400.
- Kaw R, Chung F, Pasupuleti V, Mehta J, Gay PC, Hernandez AV. Meta-analysis of the association between obstructive sleep apnea and postoperative outcome. Br J Anaesth. 2012;109:897-906. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes308. Epub 2012 Sep 6.
- Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Popescu BA, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(38):2893-2962. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210.
- Lo B, Fijnheer R, Nierich AP, Bruins P, Kalkman CJ. C-reactive protein is a risk indicator for atrial fibrillation after myocardial revascularization. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1530-5.
- Mahoney EM, Thomson TD, Veledar E, Williams J, Weintraub WS. Cost-effectiveness of targeting patients undergoing cardiac surgery for therapy with intravenous amiodarone to prevent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:737-45.
- Mahoney EM, Thomson TD, Veledar E, Williams J, Weintraub WS. Cost-effectiveness of targeting patients undergoing cardiac surgery for therapy with intravenous amiodarone to prevent atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:737-45.
- Maisel WH, Rawn JD, Stevenson WG. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:1061-1073.
- Orlowska-Baranowska E, Baranowski R, Michalek P, Hoffman P, Rywik T, Rawczylska-Enlert I. Prediction of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis: Identification of potential risk factors. J Heart Valve Disease. 2003;12;136-41.
- Phan K, Khuong JN, Xu J, Kanagaratnam A, Yan TD. Obesity and postoperative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016;15(217):49-57.
- Russo C, Jin Z, Homma S, Rundek Т, Elkind MSV, Sacco RL, Di Tullio MR. Effect of obesity and overweight on left ventricular diastolic function: a community-based study in an elderly cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011,57:1368-1374. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.042.
- Shrivastava R, Smith B, Caskey D, Reddy P. Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: does prophylactic therapy decrease adverse outcomes associated with atrial fibrilation. J Intensive Care Med. 2009;24:18.
- Van Oosten EM, Hamilton A, Petsikas D, Payne D, Redfearn DP, Zhang S, Hopman WM, Baranchuk A. Effect of preoperative obstructive sleep apnea on the frequency of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113(6):919-923. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.
- Villareal RP, Hariharan R, Liu B, Kar B, Lee VV, Elayda M, Lopez JA, Rasekh A, Wilson JM, Massumi A. Postoperative atrial fibrillation and mortality after coronary artery bypass surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(5):742-8.
- Wanahita N, Messerli FH, Bangalore S, Gami AS, Somers VK, Steinberg JS. Atrial fibrillation and obesity – results of a meta-analysis. Am Heart J. 2008;155:310-315. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.10.004.
- Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22:983-988.
- Zaman AG, Archbold RA, Helft G, Paul EA, Curzen NP, Mills PG. Atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery: a model for preoperative risk stratification. Circulation. 2000;101:1403-8.
[PDF] | [Contents] |
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: logistics of care, selection of reperfusion strategy, fibrinolytic therapy (adapted from the ESC Guidelines for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting With ST-Segment Elevation – Update 2017)
References
1 Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, Collet JP, Cremer J, Falk V, Filippatos G, Hamm C, Head SJ, Juni P, Kappetein AP, Kastrati A, Knuuti J, Landmesser U, Laufer G, Neumann FJ, Richter DJ, Schauerte P, Sousa Uva M, Stefanini GG, Taggart DP, Torracca L, Valgimigli M, Wijns W, Witkowski A. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J 2014;35(37):2541–2619.
2 Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, Mueller C, Valgimigli M, Andreotti F, Bax JJ, Borger MA, Brotons C, Chew DP, Gencer B, Hasenfuss G, Kjeldsen K, Lancellotti P, Landmesser U, Mehilli J, Mukherjee D, Storey RF, Windecker S, Baumgartner H, Gaemperli O, Achenbach S, Agewall S, Badimon L, Baigent C, Bueno H, Bugiardini R, Carerj S, Casselman F, Cuisset T, Erol C, Fitzsimons D, Halle M, Hamm C, Hildick-Smith D, Huber K, Iliodromitis E, James S, Lewis BS, Lip GY, Piepoli MF, Richter D, Rosemann T, Sechtem U, Steg PG, Vrints C, Luis Zamorano J. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation: Task Force for the Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Patients Presenting without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2016;37(3):267–315.
3 Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Blom N, Borggrefe M, Camm J, Elliott PM, Fitzsimons D, Hatala R, Hindricks G, Kirchhof P, Kjeldsen K, Kuck KH, Hernandez-Madrid A, Nikolaou N, Norekval TM, Spaulding C, Van Veldhuisen DJ. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 2015;36(41):2793–2867.
4 Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, Cooney MT, Corra U, Cosyns B, Deaton C, Graham I, Hall MS, Hobbs FD, Lochen ML, Lollgen H, Marques-Vidal P, Perk J, Prescott E, Redon J, Richter DJ, Sattar N, Smulders Y, Tiberi M, van der Worp HB, van Dis I, Verschuren WM. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts). Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J 2016;37(29):2315–2381.
5 Kirchhof P, Benussi S, Kotecha D, Ahlsson A, Atar D, Casadei B, Castella M, Diener HC, Heidbuchel H, Hendriks J, Hindricks G, Manolis AS, Oldgren J, Popescu BA, Schotten U, Van Putte B, Vardas P, Agewall S, Camm J, Baron Esquivias G, Budts W, Carerj S, Casselman F, Coca A, De Caterina R, Deftereos S, Dobrev D, Ferro JM, Filippatos G, Fitzsimons D, Gorenek B, Guenoun M, Hohnloser SH, Kolh P, Lip GY, Manolis A, McMurray J, Ponikowski P, Rosenhek R, Ruschitzka F, Savelieva I, Sharma S, Suwalski P, Tamargo JL, Taylor CJ, Van Gelder IC, Voors AA, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zeppenfeld K. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS. Eur Heart J 2016;37(38):2893–2962.
6 Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JG, Coats AJ, Falk V, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GM, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016;37(27):2129–2200.
7 Valgimigli M. 2017 ESC Focused Update on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). The Task Force for the Management of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Coronary Artery Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2017.
8 Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, Simoons ML, Chaitman BR, White HDWriting Group on the Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial InfarctionThygesen K, Alpert JS, White HD, Jaffe AS, Katus HA, Apple FS, Lindahl B, Morrow DA, Chaitman BA, Clemmensen PM, Johanson P, Hod H, Underwood R, Bax JJ, Bonow RO, Pinto F, Gibbons RJ, Fox KA, Atar D, Newby LK, Galvani M, Hamm CW, Uretsky BF, Steg PG, Wijns W, Bassand JP, Menasche P, Ravkilde J, Ohman EM, Antman EM, Wallentin LC, Armstrong PW, Simoons ML, Januzzi JL, Nieminen MS, Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, Luepker RV, Fortmann SP, Rosamond WD, Levy D, Wood D, Smith SC, Hu D, Lopez-Sendon JL, Robertson RM, Weaver D, Tendera M, Bove AA, Parkhomenko AN, Vasilieva EJ, Mendis S, ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Third universal definition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2012;33(20):2551–2567.
9 Gehrie ER, Reynolds HR, Chen AY, Neelon BH, Roe MT, Gibler WB, Ohman EM, Newby LK, Peterson ED, Hochman JS. Characterization and outcomes of women and men with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and nonobstructive coronary artery disease: results from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the ACC/AHA Guidelines (CRUSADE) quality improvement initiative. Am Heart J 2009;158(4):688–694.
10 Pasupathy S, Air T, Dreyer RP, Tavella R, Beltrame JF. Systematic review of patients presenting with suspected myocardial infarction and nonobstructive coronary arteries. Circulation 2015;131(10):861–870.
11 Niccoli G, Scalone G, Crea F. Acute myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis: mechanisms and management. Eur Heart J 2015;36(8):475–481.
12 Agewall S, Beltrame JF, Reynolds HR, Niessner A, Rosano G, Caforio AL, De Caterina R, Zimarino M, Roffi M, Kjeldsen K, Atar D, Kaski JC, Sechtem U, Tornvall P, on behalf of the WG on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. ESC working group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Eur Heart J 2017;38(3):143–153.
13 Hartley A, Marshall DC, Salciccioli JD, Sikkel MB, Maruthappu M, Shalhoub J. Trends in mortality from ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in Europe: 1980 to 2009. Circulation 2016;133(20):1916–1926.
14 Townsend N, Wilson L, Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Rayner M, Nichols M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016. Eur Heart J 2016;37(42):3232–3245.
15 Sugiyama T, Hasegawa K, Kobayashi Y, Takahashi O, Fukui T, Tsugawa Y. Differential time trends of outcomes and costs of care for acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations by ST elevation and type of intervention in the United States, 2001-2011. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4(3):e001445.
16 McManus DD, Gore J, Yarzebski J, Spencer F, Lessard D, Goldberg RJ. Recent trends in the incidence, treatment, and outcomes of patients with STEMI and NSTEMI. Am J Med 2011;124(1):40–47.
17 Jernberg T. Swedeheart Annual Report 2015. In: Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm; 2016.
18 Widimsky P, Wijns W, Fajadet J, de Belder M, Knot J, Aaberge L, Andrikopoulos G, Baz JA, Betriu A, Claeys M, Danchin N, Djambazov S, Erne P, Hartikainen J, Huber K, Kala P, Klinceva M, Kristensen SD, Ludman P, Ferre JM, Merkely B, Milicic D, Morais J, Noc M, Opolski G, Ostojic M, Radovanovic D, De Servi S, Stenestrand U, Studencan M, Tubaro M, Vasiljevic Z, Weidinger F, Witkowski A, Zeymer U, European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions. Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in Europe: description of the current situation in 30 countries. Eur Heart J 2010;31(8):943–957.
19 Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, de Ferranti S, Despres JP, Fullerton HJ, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Judd SE, Kissela BM, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Liu S, Mackey RH, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER3rd, Moy CS, Muntner P, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Nichol G, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Reeves MJ, Rodriguez CJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Towfighi A, Turan TN, Virani SS, Willey JZ, Woo D, Yeh RW, Turner MB, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131(4):e29–322.
20 Khera S, Kolte D, Gupta T, Subramanian KS, Khanna N, Aronow WS, Ahn C, Timmermans RJ, Cooper HA, Fonarow GC, Frishman WH, Panza JA, Bhatt DL. Temporal trends and sex differences in revascularization and outcomes of st-segment elevation myocardial infarction in younger adults in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66(18):1961–1972.
21 Puymirat E, Simon T, Steg PG, Schiele F, Gueret P, Blanchard D, Khalife K, Goldstein P, Cattan S, Vaur L, Cambou JP, Ferrieres J, Danchin N, USIK USIC 2000 Investigators, FAST MI Investigators. Association of changes in clinical characteristics and management with improvement in survival among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA 2012;308(10):998–1006.
22 Gale CP, Allan V, Cattle BA, Hall AS, West RM, Timmis A, Gray HH, Deanfield J, Fox KA, Feltbower R. Trends in hospital treatments, including revascularisation, following acute myocardial infarction, 2003-2010: a multilevel and relative survival analysis for the National Institute for Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (NICOR). Heart 2014;100(7):582–589.
23 Kristensen SD, Laut KG, Fajadet J, Kaifoszova Z, Kala P, Di Mario C, Wijns W, Clemmensen P, Agladze V, Antoniades L, Alhabib KF, De Boer MJ, Claeys MJ, Deleanu D, Dudek D, Erglis A, Gilard M, Goktekin O, Guagliumi G, Gudnason T, Hansen KW, Huber K, James S, Janota T, Jennings S, Kajander O, Kanakakis J, Karamfiloff KK, Kedev S, Kornowski R, Ludman PF, Merkely B, Milicic D, Najafov R, Nicolini FA, Noc M, Ostojic M, Pereira H, Radovanovic D, Sabate M, Sobhy M, Sokolov M, Studencan M, Terzic I, Wahler S, Widimsky P, European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions. Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction 2010/2011: current status in 37 ESC countries. Eur Heart J 2014;35(29):1957–1970.
24 Pedersen F, Butrymovich V, Kelbaek H, Wachtell K, Helqvist S, Kastrup J, Holmvang L, Clemmensen P, Engstrom T, Grande P, Saunamaki K, Jorgensen E. Short- and long-term cause of death in patients treated with primary PCI for STEMI. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(20):2101–2108.
25 Fokkema ML, James SK, Albertsson P, Akerblom A, Calais F, Eriksson P, Jensen J, Nilsson T, de Smet BJ, Sjogren I, Thorvinger B, Lagerqvist B. Population trends in percutaneous coronary intervention: 20-year results from the SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry). J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61(12):1222–1230.
26 EUGenMed Cardiovascular Clinical Study Group, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Oertelt-Prigione S, Prescott E, Franconi F, Gerdts E, Foryst-Ludwig A, Maas AH, Kautzky-Willer A, Knappe-Wegner D, Kintscher U, Ladwig KH, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Stangl V. Gender in cardiovascular diseases: impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes. Eur Heart J 2016;37(1):24–34.
27 Brieger D, Eagle KA, Goodman SG, Steg PG, Budaj A, White K, Montalescot G. Acute coronary syndromes without chest pain, an underdiagnosed and undertreated high-risk group: insights from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events. Chest 2004;126(2):461–469.
28 Kaul P, Armstrong PW, Sookram S, Leung BK, Brass N, Welsh RC. Temporal trends in patient and treatment delay among men and women presenting with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2011;161(1):91–97.
29 Diercks DB, Owen KP, Kontos MC, Blomkalns A, Chen AY, Miller C, Wiviott S, Peterson ED. Gender differences in time to presentation for myocardial infarction before and after a national women's cardiovascular awareness campaign: a temporal analysis from the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress ADverse Outcomes with Early Implementation (CRUSADE) and the National Cardiovascular Data Registry Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network-Get with the Guidelines (NCDR ACTION Registry-GWTG). Am Heart J 2010;160(1):80–87.e3.
30 Kang SH, Suh JW, Yoon CH, Cho MC, Kim YJ, Chae SC, Yoon JH, Gwon HC, Han KR, Kim JH, Ahn YK, Jeong MH, Kim HS, Choi DJ, KAMIR/KorMI Registry. Sex differences in management and mortality of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (from the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction National Registry). Am J Cardiol 2012;109(6):787–793.
31 Kyto V, Sipila J, Rautava P. Gender and in-hospital mortality of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (from a multihospital nationwide registry study of 31,689 patients). Am J Cardiol 2015;115(3):303–306.
32 Hvelplund A, Galatius S, Madsen M, Rasmussen JN, Rasmussen S, Madsen JK, Sand NP, Tilsted HH, Thayssen P, Sindby E, Hojbjerg S, Abildstrom SZ. Women with acute coronary syndrome are less invasively examined and subsequently less treated than men. Eur Heart J 2010;31(6):684–690.
33 Nguyen JT, Berger AK, Duval S, Luepker RV. Gender disparity in cardiac procedures and medication use for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2008;155(5):862–868.
34 de Torbal A, Boersma E, Kors JA, van Herpen G, Deckers JW, van der Kuip DA, Stricker BH, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Incidence of recognized and unrecognized myocardial infarction in men and women aged 55 and older: the Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J 2006;27(6):729–736.
35 Henrikson CA, Howell EE, Bush DE, Miles JS, Meininger GR, Friedlander T, Bushnell AC, Chandra-Strobos N. Chest pain relief by nitroglycerin does not predict active coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 2003;139(12):979–986.
36 Diercks DB, Peacock WF, Hiestand BC, Chen AY, Pollack CVJr, Kirk JD, Smith SCJr, Gibler WB, Ohman EM, Blomkalns AL, Newby LK, Hochman JS, Peterson ED, Roe MT. Frequency and consequences of recording an electrocardiogram >10 minutes after arrival in an emergency room in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (from the CRUSADE Initiative). Am J Cardiol 2006;97(4):437–442.
37 Tubaro M, Danchin N, Goldstein P, Filippatos G, Hasin Y, Heras M, Jansky P, Norekval TM, Swahn E, Thygesen K, Vrints C, Zahger D, Arntz HR, Bellou A, De La Coussaye JE, De Luca L, Huber K, Lambert Y, Lettino M, Lindahl B, McLean S, Nibbe L, Peacock WF, Price S, Quinn T, Spaulding C, Tatu-Chitoiu G, Van De Werf F. Pre-hospital treatment of STEMI patients. A scientific statement of the Working Group Acute Cardiac Care of the European Society of Cardiology. Acute Card Care 2011;13(2):56–67.
38 Rokos IC, French WJ, Koenig WJ, Stratton SJ, Nighswonger B, Strunk B, Jewell J, Mahmud E, Dunford JV, Hokanson J, Smith SW, Baran KW, Swor R, Berman A, Wilson BH, Aluko AO, Gross BW, Rostykus PS, Salvucci A, Dev V, McNally B, Manoukian SV, King SB3rd. Integration of pre-hospital electrocardiograms and ST-elevation myocardial infarction receiving center (SRC) networks: impact on door-to-balloon times across 10 independent regions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009;2(4):339–346.
39 Quinn T, Johnsen S, Gale CP, Snooks H, McLean S, Woollard M, Weston C. Effects of prehospital 12-lead ECG on processes of care and mortality in acute coronary syndrome: a linked cohort study from the Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project. Heart 2014;100(12):944–950.
40 Sorensen JT, Terkelsen CJ, Norgaard BL, Trautner S, Hansen TM, Botker HE, Lassen JF, Andersen HR. Urban and rural implementation of pre-hospital diagnosis and direct referral for primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2011;32(4):430–436.
41 Chan AW, Kornder J, Elliott H, Brown RI, Dorval JF, Charania J, Zhang R, Ding L, Lalani A, Kuritzky RA, Simkus GJ. Improved survival associated with pre-hospital triage strategy in a large regional ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction program. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5(12):1239–46.
42 Dhruva VN, Abdelhadi SI, Anis A, Gluckman W, Hom D, Dougan W, Kaluski E, Haider B, Klapholz M. ST-Segment Analysis Using Wireless Technology in Acute Myocardial Infarction (STAT-MI) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50(6):509–513.
43 Lopez-Sendon J, Coma-Canella I, Alcasena S, Seoane J, Gamallo C. Electrocardiographic findings in acute right ventricular infarction: sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic alterations in right precordial leads V4R, V3R, V1, V2, and V3. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6(6):1273–1279.
44 O'Doherty M, Tayler DI, Quinn E, Vincent R, Chamberlain DA. Five hundred patients with myocardial infarction monitored within one hour of symptoms. BMJ (Clin Res Ed) 1983;286(6375):1405–1408.
45 Mehta RH, Starr AZ, Lopes RD, Hochman JS, Widimsky P, Pieper KS, Armstrong PW, Granger CB. Incidence of and outcomes associated with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2009;301(17):1779–1789.
46 Rokos IC, Farkouh ME, Reiffel J, Dressler O, Mehran R, Stone GW. Correlation between index electrocardiographic patterns and pre-intervention angiographic findings: insights from the HORIZONS-AMI trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2012;79(7):1092–1098.
47 Stribling WK, Kontos MC, Abbate A, Cooke R, Vetrovec GW, Dai D, Honeycutt E, Wang TY, Lotun K. Left circumflex occlusion in acute myocardial infarction (from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry). Am J Cardiol 2011;108(7):959–963.
48 Dixon WC4th, Wang TY, Dai D, Shunk KA, Peterson ED, Roe MT. Anatomic distribution of the culprit lesion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: findings from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52(16):1347–1348.
49 Wang TY, Zhang M, Fu Y, Armstrong PW, Newby LK, Gibson CM, Moliterno DJ, Van de Werf F, White HD, Harrington RA, Roe MT. Incidence, distribution, and prognostic impact of occluded culprit arteries among patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes undergoing diagnostic angiography. Am Heart J 2009;157(4):716–723.
50 Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Barbagelata A, Underwood DA, Gates KB, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Wagner GS. Electrocardiographic diagnosis of evolving acute myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle-branch block. GUSTO-1 (Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;334(8):481–487.
51 Wong CK, French JK, Aylward PE, Stewart RA, Gao W, Armstrong PW, Van De Werf FJ, Simes RJ, Raffel OC, Granger CB, Califf RM, White HD. Patients with prolonged ischemic chest pain and presumed-new left bundle branch block have heterogeneous outcomes depending on the presence of ST-segment changes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46(1):29–38.
52 Shlipak MG, Lyons WL, Go AS, Chou TM, Evans GT, Browner WS. Should the electrocardiogram be used to guide therapy for patients with left bundle-branch block and suspected myocardial infarction? JAMA 1999;281(8):714–719.
53 Lopes RD, Siha H, Fu Y, Mehta RH, Patel MR, Armstrong PW, Granger CB. Diagnosing acute myocardial infarction in patients with left bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol 2011;108(6):782–788.
54 Chang AM, Shofer FS, Tabas JA, Magid DJ, McCusker CM, Hollander JE. Lack of association between left bundle-branch block and acute myocardial infarction in symptomatic ED patients. Am J Emerg Med 2009;27(8):916–921.
55 Widimsky P, Rohac F, Stasek J, Kala P, Rokyta R, Kuzmanov B, Jakl M, Poloczek M, Kanovsky J, Bernat I, Hlinomaz O, Belohlavek J, Kral A, Mrazek V, Grigorov V, Djambazov S, Petr R, Knot J, Bilkova D, Fischerova M, Vondrak K, Maly M, Lorencova A. Primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction with right bundle branch block: should new onset right bundle branch block be added to future guidelines as an indication for reperfusion therapy? Eur Heart J 2012;33(1):86–95.
56 Madias JE. The nonspecificity of ST-segment elevation > or = 5.0 mm in V1-V3 in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. J Electrocardiol 2004;37(2):135–139.
57 Sgarbossa EB, Pinski SL, Gates KB, Wagner GS. Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in the presence of ventricular paced rhythm. GUSTO-I Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1996;77(5):423–424.
58 Krishnaswamy A, Lincoff AM, Menon V. Magnitude and consequences of missing the acute infarct-related circumflex artery. Am Heart J 2009;158(5):706–712.
59 From AM, Best PJ, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS, Prasad A. Acute myocardial infarction due to left circumflex artery occlusion and significance of ST-segment elevation. Am J Cardiol 2010;106(8):1081–1085.
60 Yan AT, Yan RT, Kennelly BM, Anderson FAJr, Budaj A, Lopez-Sendon J, Brieger D, Allegrone J, Steg G, Goodman SG. Relationship of ST elevation in lead aVR with angiographic findings and outcome in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J 2007;154(1):71–78.
61 Hobl EL, Stimpfl T, Ebner J, Schoergenhofer C, Derhaschnig U, Sunder-Plassmann R, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Mannhalter C, Posch M, Jilma B. Morphine decreases clopidogrel concentrations and effects: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(7):630–635.
62 Parodi G, Bellandi B, Xanthopoulou I, Capranzano P, Capodanno D, Valenti R, Stavrou K, Migliorini A, Antoniucci D, Tamburino C, Alexopoulos D. Morphine is associated with a delayed activity of oral antiplatelet agents in patients with ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8(1):e001593.
63 Kubica J, Adamski P, Ostrowska M, Sikora J, Kubica JM, Sroka WD, Stankowska K, Buszko K, Navarese EP, Jilma B, Siller-Matula JM, Marszall MP, Rosc D, Kozinski M. Morphine delays and attenuates ticagrelor exposure and action in patients with myocardial infarction: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled IMPRESSION trial. Eur Heart J 2016;37(3):245–252.
64 Stub D, Smith K, Bernard S, Nehme Z, Stephenson M, Bray JE, Cameron P, Barger B, Ellims AH, Taylor AJ, Meredith IT, Kaye DM. Air versus oxygen in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2015;131(24):2143–2150.
65 Cabello JB, Burls A, Emparanza JI, Bayliss S, Quinn T. Oxygen therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;8:CD007160.
66 Hofmann R, James SK, Svensson L, Witt N, Frick M, Lindahl B, Ostlund O, Ekelund U, Erlinge D, Herlitz J, Jernberg T. Determination of the role of oxygen in suspected acute myocardial infarction trial. Am Heart J 2014;167(3):322–328.
67 Rawles JM, Kenmure AC. Controlled trial of oxygen in uncomplicated myocardial infarction. BMJ 1976;1(6018):1121–1123.
68 Larsen JM, Ravkilde J. Acute coronary angiography in patients resuscitated from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2012;83(12):1427–1433.
69 Garot P, Lefevre T, Eltchaninoff H, Morice MC, Tamion F, Abry B, Lesault PF, Le Tarnec JY, Pouges C, Margenet A, Monchi M, Laurent I, Dumas P, Garot J, Louvard Y. Six-month outcome of emergency percutaneous coronary intervention in resuscitated patients after cardiac arrest complicating ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007;115(11):1354–1362.
70 Kern KB, Rahman O. Emergent percutaneous coronary intervention for resuscitated victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010;75(4):616–624.
71 Spaulding CM, Joly LM, Rosenberg A, Monchi M, Weber SN, Dhainaut JF, Carli P. Immediate coronary angiography in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 1997;336(23):1629–1633.
72 Dumas F, Cariou A, Manzo-Silberman S, Grimaldi D, Vivien B, Rosencher J, Empana JP, Carli P, Mira JP, Jouven X, Spaulding C. Immediate percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with better survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: insights from the PROCAT (Parisian Region Out of hospital Cardiac ArresT) registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3(3):200–207.
73 Noc M, Fajadet J, Lassen JF, Kala P, MacCarthy P, Olivecrona GK, Windecker S, Spaulding C, European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions, Stent for Life Group. Invasive coronary treatment strategies for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a consensus statement from the European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI)/Stent for LIfe (SFL) groups. EuroIntervention 2014;10(1):31–37.
74 Monsieurs KG, Nolan JP, Bossaert LL, Greif R, Maconochie IK, Nikolaou NI, Perkins GD, Soar J, Truhlar A, Wyllie J, Zideman DA. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015: Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation 2015;95:1–80.
75 Reynolds JC, Frisch A, Rittenberger JC, Callaway CW. Duration of resuscitation efforts and functional outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: when should we change to novel therapies? Circulation 2013;128(23):2488–2494.
76 Moulaert VR, Verbunt JA, van Heugten CM, Wade DT. Cognitive impairments in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a systematic review. Resuscitation 2009;80(3):297–305.
77 Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2002;346(8):549–556.
78 Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med 2002;346(8):557–563.
79 Nikolaou NI, Welsford M, Beygui F, Bossaert L, Ghaemmaghami C, Nonogi H, O'Connor RE, Pichel DR, Scott T, Walters DL, Woolfrey KG. Part 5: Acute coronary syndromes: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Resuscitation 2015;95:e121–e146.
80 Belliard G, Catez E, Charron C, Caille V, Aegerter P, Dubourg O, Jardin F, Vieillard-Baron A. Efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. Resuscitation 2007;75(2):252–259.
81 Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, Horn J, Hovdenes J, Kjaergaard J, Kuiper M, Pellis T, Stammet P, Wanscher M, Wise MP, Aneman A, Al-Subaie N, Boesgaard S, Bro-Jeppesen J, Brunetti I, Bugge JF, Hingston CD, Juffermans NP, Koopmans M, Kober L, Langorgen J, Lilja G, Moller JE, Rundgren M, Rylander C, Smid O, Werer C, Winkel P, Friberg H, TTM Trial Investigators. Targeted temperature management at 33 degrees C versus 36 degrees C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013;369(23):2197–2206.
82 Vaahersalo J, Hiltunen P, Tiainen M, Oksanen T, Kaukonen KM, Kurola J, Ruokonen E, Tenhunen J, Ala-Kokko T, Lund V, Reinikainen M, Kiviniemi O, Silfvast T, Kuisma M, Varpula T, Pettila V. Therapeutic hypothermia after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Finnish intensive care units: the FINNRESUSCI study. Intensive Care Med 2013;39(5):826–837.
83 Penela D, Magaldi M, Fontanals J, Martin V, Regueiro A, Ortiz JT, Bosch X, Sabate M, Heras M. Hypothermia in acute coronary syndrome: brain salvage versus stent thrombosis? J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61(6):686–687.
84 Shah N, Chaudhary R, Mehta K, Agarwal V, Garg J, Freudenberger R, Jacobs L, Cox D, Kern KB, Patel N. Therapeutic hypothermia and stent thrombosis: a nationwide analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2016;9(17):1801–1811.
85 Garcia-Tejada J, Jurado-Roman A, Rodriguez J, Velazquez M, Hernandez F, Albarran A, Martin-Asenjo R, Granda-Nistal C, Coma R, Tascon J. Post-resuscitation electrocardiograms, acute coronary findings and in-hospital prognosis of survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 2014;85(9):1245–1250.
86 Kim F, Nichol G, Maynard C, Hallstrom A, Kudenchuk PJ, Rea T, Copass MK, Carlbom D, Deem S, Longstreth WTJr, Olsufka M, Cobb LA. Effect of prehospital induction of mild hypothermia on survival and neurological status among adults with cardiac arrest: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014;311(1):45–52.
87 Terkelsen CJ, Sorensen JT, Maeng M, Jensen LO, Tilsted HH, Trautner S, Vach W, Johnsen SP, Thuesen L, Lassen JF. System delay and mortality among patients with STEMI treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2010;304(7):763–771.
88 Fordyce CB, Al-Khalidi HR, Jollis JG, Roettig ML, Gu J, Bagai A, Berger PB, Corbett CC, Dauerman HL, Fox K, Garvey JL, Henry TD, Rokos IC, Sherwood MW, Wilson BH, Granger CB, STEMI Systems Accelerator Project. Association of rapid care process implementation on reperfusion times across multiple ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction networks. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2017;10(1):e004061.
89 Stowens JC, Sonnad SS, Rosenbaum RA. Using EMS dispatch to trigger STEMI alerts decreases door-to-balloon times. West J Emerg Med 2015;16(3):472–480.
90 Squire BT, Tamayo-Sarver JH, Rashi P, Koenig W, Niemann JT. Effect of prehospital cardiac catheterization lab activation on door-to-balloon time, mortality, and false-positive activation. Prehosp Emerg Care 2014;18(1):1–8.
91 Nallamothu BK, Normand SL, Wang Y, Hofer TP, Brush JEJr, Messenger JC, Bradley EH, Rumsfeld JS, Krumholz HM. Relation between door-to-balloon times and mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention over time: a retrospective study. Lancet 2015;385(9973):1114–1122.
92 Bagai A, Jollis JG, Dauerman HL, Peng SA, Rokos IC, Bates ER, French WJ, Granger CB, Roe MT. Emergency department bypass for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients identified with a prehospital electrocardiogram: a report from the American Heart Association Mission: Lifeline program. Circulation 2013;128(4):352–359.
93 Wang TY, Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, Li S, Roe MT, Jollis JG, Jacobs AK, Holmes DR, Peterson ED, Ting HH. Association of door-in to door-out time with reperfusion delays and outcomes among patients transferred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA 2011;305(24):2540–2547.
94 Huber K, De Caterina R, Kristensen SD, Verheugt FW, Montalescot G, Maestro LB, Van de Werf F. Pre-hospital reperfusion therapy: a strategy to improve therapeutic outcome in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2005;26(19):2063–2074.
95 Welsh RC, Chang W, Goldstein P, Adgey J, Granger CB, Verheugt FW, Wallentin L, Van de Werf F, Armstrong PW. Time to treatment and the impact of a physician on prehospital management of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: insights from the ASSENT-3 PLUS trial. Heart 2005;91(11):1400–1406.
96 Bjorklund E, Stenestrand U, Lindback J, Svensson L, Wallentin L, Lindahl B. Pre-hospital thrombolysis delivered by paramedics is associated with reduced time delay and mortality in ambulance-transported real-life patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2006;27(10):1146–1152.
97 Steg PG, Bonnefoy E, Chabaud S, Lapostolle F, Dubien PY, Cristofini P, Leizorovicz A, Touboul P, CAPTIM Investigators. Impact of time to treatment on mortality after prehospital fibrinolysis or primary angioplasty: data from the CAPTIM randomized clinical trial. Circulation 2003;108(23):2851–2856.
98 Bonnefoy E, Steg PG, Boutitie F, Dubien PY, Lapostolle F, Roncalli J, Dissait F, Vanzetto G, Leizorowicz A, Kirkorian G, Mercier C, McFadden EP, Touboul P. Comparison of primary angioplasty and pre-hospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction (CAPTIM) trial: a 5-year follow-up. Eur Heart J 2009;30(13):1598–1606.
99 Danchin N, Coste P, Ferrieres J, Steg PG, Cottin Y, Blanchard D, Belle L, Ritz B, Kirkorian G, Angioi M, Sans P, Charbonnier B, Eltchaninoff H, Gueret P, Khalife K, Asseman P, Puel J, Goldstein P, Cambou JP, Simon T, FAST-MI Investigators. Comparison of thrombolysis followed by broad use of percutaneous coronary intervention with primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment-elevation acute myocardial infarction: Data from the French registry on acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (FAST-MI). Circulation 2008;118(3):268–276.
100 Kalla K, Christ G, Karnik R, Malzer R, Norman G, Prachar H, Schreiber W, Unger G, Glogar HD, Kaff A, Laggner AN, Maurer G, Mlczoch J, Slany J, Weber HS, Huber K. Implementation of guidelines improves the standard of care: the Viennese registry on reperfusion strategies in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (Vienna STEMI registry). Circulation 2006;113(20):2398–2405.
101 Henry TD, Sharkey SW, Burke MN, Chavez IJ, Graham KJ, Henry CR, Lips DL, Madison JD, Menssen KM, Mooney MR, Newell MC, Pedersen WR, Poulose AK, Traverse JH, Unger BT, Wang YL, Larson DM. A regional system to provide timely access to percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007;116(7):721–728.
102 Le May MR, So DY, Dionne R, Glover CA, Froeschl MP, Wells GA, Davies RF, Sherrard HL, Maloney J, Marquis JF, O'Brien ER, Trickett J, Poirier P, Ryan SC, Ha A, Joseph PG, Labinaz M. A citywide protocol for primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008;358(3):231–240.
103 Knot J, Widimsky P, Wijns W, Stenestrand U, Kristensen SD, Van THA, Weidinger F, Janzon M, Norgaard BL, Soerensen JT, van de Wetering H, Thygesen K, Bergsten PA, Digerfeldt C, Potgieter A, Tomer N, Fajadet J. How to set up an effective national primary angioplasty network: lessons learned from five European countries. EuroIntervention 2009;5(3):299,301–309.
104 Nallamothu BK, Krumholz HM, Ko DT, LaBresh KA, Rathore S, Roe MT, Schwamm L. Development of systems of care for ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients: gaps, barriers, and implications. Circulation 2007;116(2):e68–e72.
105 Rathore SS, Curtis JP, Chen J, Wang Y, Nallamothu BK, Epstein AJ, Krumholz HM, National Cardiovascular Data Registry. Association of door-to-balloon time and mortality in patients admitted to hospital with ST elevation myocardial infarction: national cohort study. BMJ 2009;338:b1807.
106 Nielsen PH, Terkelsen CJ, Nielsen TT, Thuesen L, Krusell LR, Thayssen P, Kelbaek H, Abildgaard U, Villadsen AB, Andersen HR, Maeng M. System delay and timing of intervention in acute myocardial infarction (from the Danish Acute Myocardial Infarction-2 [DANAMI-2] trial). Am J Cardiol 2011;108(6):776–781.
107 Pinto DS, Kirtane AJ, Nallamothu BK, Murphy SA, Cohen DJ, Laham RJ, Cutlip DE, Bates ER, Frederick PD, Miller DP, Carrozza JP, Antman EM, Cannon CP, Gibson CM. Hospital delays in reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications when selecting a reperfusion strategy. Circulation 2006;114(19):2019–2025.
108 Widimsky P, Fajadet J, Danchin N, Wijns W. "Stent 4 Life" targeting PCI at all who will benefit the most. A joint project between EAPCI, Euro-PCR, EUCOMED and the ESC Working Group on Acute Cardiac Care. EuroIntervention 2009;4(5):555,557.
109 Steg PG, Cambou JP, Goldstein P, Durand E, Sauval P, Kadri Z, Blanchard D, Lablanche JM, Gueret P, Cottin Y, Juliard JM, Hanania G, Vaur L, Danchin N, USIC Investigators. Bypassing the emergency room reduces delays and mortality in ST elevation myocardial infarction: the USIC 2000 registry. Heart 2006;92(10):1378–1383.
110 Baran KW, Kamrowski KA, Westwater JJ, Tschida VH, Alexander CF, Beahrs MM, Biggs TA, Koller PT, Mahoney BD, Murray ST, Raya TE, Rusterholz PK, Valeti US, Wiberg TA. Very rapid treatment of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: utilizing prehospital electrocardiograms to bypass the emergency department. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2010;3(4):431–437.
111 Thiemann DR, Coresh J, Oetgen WJ, Powe NR. The association between hospital volume and survival after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients. N Engl J Med 1999;340(21):1640–1648.
112 West RM, Cattle BA, Bouyssie M, Squire I, de Belder M, Fox KA, Boyle R, McLenachan JM, Batin PD, Greenwood DC, Gale CP. Impact of hospital proportion and volume on primary percutaneous coronary intervention performance in England and Wales. Eur Heart J 2011;32(6):706–711.
113 Zijlstra F, Hoorntje JC, de Boer MJ, Reiffers S, Miedema K, Ottervanger JP, van 't Hof AW, Suryapranata H. Long-term benefit of primary angioplasty as compared with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1999;341(19):1413–1419.
114 Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet 2003;361(9351):13–20.
115 Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D, Groch L, Zelizko M, Aschermann M, Branny M, St'asek J, Formanek P, ‘PRAGUE’ Study Group Investigators. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Final results of the randomized national multicentre trial—PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J 2003;24(1):94–104.
116 Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K, Thuesen L, Kelbaek H, Thayssen P, Abildgaard U, Pedersen F, Madsen JK, Grande P, Villadsen AB, Krusell LR, Haghfelt T, Lomholt P, Husted SE, Vigholt E, Kjaergard HK, Mortensen LS, DANAMI-2 Investigators. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;349(8):733–742.
117 Nallamothu BK, Bates ER. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything? Am J Cardiol 2003;92(7):824–826.
118 Betriu A, Masotti M. Comparison of mortality rates in acute myocardial infarction treated by percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolysis. Am J Cardiol 2005;95(1):100–101.
119 Boersma E, Primary Coronary Angioplasty vs Thrombolysis Group. Does time matter? A pooled analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing primary percutaneous coronary intervention and in-hospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction patients. Eur Heart J 2006;27(7):779–788.
120 Pinto DS, Frederick PD, Chakrabarti AK, Kirtane AJ, Ullman E, Dejam A, Miller DP, Henry TD, Gibson CM, National Registry of Myocardial Infarction Investigators. Benefit of transferring ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients for percutaneous coronary intervention compared with administration of onsite fibrinolytic declines as delays increase. Circulation 2011;124(23):2512–2521.
121 Armstrong PW, Gershlick AH, Goldstein P, Wilcox R, Danays T, Lambert Y, Sulimov V, Rosell Ortiz F, Ostojic M, Welsh RC, Carvalho AC, Nanas J, Arntz HR, Halvorsen S, Huber K, Grajek S, Fresco C, Bluhmki E, Regelin A, Vandenberghe K, Bogaerts K, Van de Werf F, STREAM Investigative Team. Fibrinolysis or primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2013;368(15):1379–1387.
122 Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevationsacute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Borger MA, Di Mario C, Dickstein K, Ducrocq G, Fernandez-Aviles F, Gershlick AH, Giannuzzi P, Halvorsen S, Huber K, Juni P, Kastrati A, Knuuti J, Lenzen MJ, Mahaffey KW, Valgimigli M, van 't Hof A, Widimsky P, Zahger D. ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2012;33(20):2569–2619.
123 Morrison LJ, Verbeck PR, McDonald AC, Sawadsky BV, Cook DJ. Mortality and prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2000;283(20):2686–2692.
124 Gershlick AH, Stephens-Lloyd A, Hughes S, Abrams KR, Stevens SE, Uren NG, de Belder A, Davis J, Pitt M, Banning A, Baumbach A, Shiu MF, Schofield P, Dawkins KD, Henderson RA, Oldroyd KG, Wilcox R, REACT Trial Investigators. Rescue angioplasty after failed thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2005;353(26):2758–2768.
125 Madan M, Halvorsen S, Di Mario C, Tan M, Westerhout CM, Cantor WJ, Le May MR, Borgia F, Piscione F, Scheller B, Armstrong PW, Fernandez-Aviles F, Sanchez PL, Graham JJ, Yan AT, Goodman SG. Relationship between time to invasive assessment and clinical outcomes of patients undergoing an early invasive strategy after fibrinolysis for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a patient-level analysis of the randomized early routine invasive clinical trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8(1 Pt B):166–174.
126 Cantor WJ, Fitchett D, Borgundvaag B, Ducas J, Heffernan M, Cohen EA, Morrison LJ, Langer A, Dzavik V, Mehta SR, Lazzam C, Schwartz B, Casanova A, Goodman SG, TRANSFER-AMI Trial Investigators. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2009;360(26):2705–2718.
127 Di Mario C, Dudek D, Piscione F, Mielecki W, Savonitto S, Murena E, Dimopoulos K, Manari A, Gaspardone A, Ochala A, Zmudka K, Bolognese L, Steg PG, Flather M, CARESS AMI Investigators. Immediate angioplasty versus standard therapy with rescue 3 angioplasty after thrombolysis in the Combined Abciximab REteplase Stent Study in Acute Myocardial Infarction (CARESS-in-AMI): an open, prospective, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 2008;371(9612):559–568.
128 Bohmer E, Hoffmann P, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Halvorsen S. Efficacy and safety of immediate angioplasty versus ischemia-guided management after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction in areas with very long transfer distances. Results of the NORDISTEMI (NORwegian study on DIstrict treatment of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(2):102–110.
129 Borgia F, Goodman SG, Halvorsen S, Cantor WJ, Piscione F, Le May MR, Fernandez-Aviles F, Sanchez PL, Dimopoulos K, Scheller B, Armstrong PW, Di Mario C. Early routine percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolysis vs. standard therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2010;31(17):2156–2169.
130 D'Souza SP, Mamas MA, Fraser DG, Fath-Ordoubadi F. Routine early coronary angioplasty versus ischaemia-guided angioplasty after thrombolysis in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2011;32(8):972–982.
131 Neeland IJ, Kontos MC, de Lemos JA. Evolving considerations in the management of patients with left bundle branch block and suspected myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60(2):96–105.
132 Liakopoulos V, Kellerth T, Christensen K. Left bundle branch block and suspected myocardial infarction: does chronicity of the branch block matter? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2013;2(2):182–189.
133 Schomig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F, Nekolla SG, Schlotterbeck K, Schuhlen H, Pache J, Seyfarth M, Martinoff S, Benzer W, Schmitt C, Dirschinger J, Schwaiger M, Kastrati A, Beyond 12 hours Reperfusion Alternative Evaluation Trial Investigators. Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293(23):2865–2872.
134 Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Schomig A. Mechanical reperfusion and long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting 12 to 48 hours from onset of symptoms. JAMA 2009;301(5):487–488.
135 Hochman JS, Lamas GA, Buller CE, Dzavik V, Reynolds HR, Abramsky SJ, Forman S, Ruzyllo W, Maggioni AP, White H, Sadowski Z, Carvalho AC, Rankin JM, Renkin JP, Steg PG, Mascette AM, Sopko G, Pfisterer ME, Leor J, Fridrich V, Mark DB, Knatterud GL, Occluded Artery Trial Investigators. Coronary intervention for persistent occlusion after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006;355(23):2395–2407.
136 Menon V, Pearte CA, Buller CE, Steg PG, Forman SA, White HD, Marino PN, Katritsis DG, Caramori P, Lasevitch R, Loboz-Grudzien K, Zurakowski A, Lamas GA, Hochman JS. Lack of benefit from percutaneous intervention of persistently occluded infarct arteries after the acute phase of myocardial infarction is time independent: insights from Occluded Artery Trial. Eur Heart J 2009;30(2):183–191.
137 Ioannidis JP, Katritsis DG. Percutaneous coronary intervention for late reperfusion after myocardial infarction in stable patients. Am Heart J 2007;154(6):1065–1071.
138 Boersma E, Maas ACP, Deckers JW, Simoons ML. Early thrombolytic treatment in acute myocardial infarction: reappraisal of the golden hour. Lancet 1996;348(9030):771–775.
139 Cucherat M, Bonnefoy E, Tremeau G. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3:CD001560.
140 Dalby M, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P, Montalescot G. Transfer for primary angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Circulation 2003;108(15):1809–1814.
141 Gierlotka M, Gasior M, Wilczek K, Hawranek M, Szkodzinski J, Paczek P, Lekston A, Kalarus Z, Zembala M, Polonski L. Reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction within 12 to 24 hours of the onset of symptoms (from a prospective national observational study [PL-ACS]). Am J Cardiol 2011;107(4):501–508.
142 Busk M, Kaltoft A, Nielsen SS, Bottcher M, Rehling M, Thuesen L, Botker HE, Lassen JF, Christiansen EH, Krusell LR, Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Kristensen SD. Infarct size and myocardial salvage after primary angioplasty in patients presenting with symptoms for <12 h vs. 12-72 h. Eur Heart J 2009;30(11):1322–1330.
143 Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabro P, Frigoli E, Leonardi S, Zaro T, Rubartelli P, Briguori C, Ando G, Repetto A, Limbruno U, Cortese B, Sganzerla P, Lupi A, Galli M, Colangelo S, Ierna S, Ausiello A, Presbitero P, Sardella G, Varbella F, Esposito G, Santarelli A, Tresoldi S, Nazzaro M, Zingarelli A, de Cesare N, Rigattieri S, Tosi P, Palmieri C, Brugaletta S, Rao SV, Heg D, Rothenbuhler M, Vranckx P, Juni P, MATRIX Investigators. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet 2015;385(9986):2465–2476.
144 Jolly SS, Yusuf S, Cairns J, Niemela K, Xavier D, Widimsky P, Budaj A, Niemela M, Valentin V, Lewis BS, Avezum A, Steg PG, Rao SV, Gao P, Afzal R, Joyner CD, Chrolavicius S, Mehta SR, RIVAL Trial Group. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (RIVAL): a randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial. Lancet 2011;377(9775):1409–1420.
145 Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciahbasi A, Politi L, Rigattieri S, Pendenza G, Summaria F, Patrizi R, Borghi A, Di Russo C, Moretti C, Agostoni P, Loschiavo P, Lioy E, Sheiban I, Sangiorgi G. Radial versus femoral randomized investigation in ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60(24):2481–2489.
146 Nordmann AJ, Hengstler P, Harr T, Young J, Bucher HC. Clinical outcomes of primary stenting versus balloon angioplasty in patients with myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004;116(4):253–262.
147 Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, Garcia E, Tcheng JE, Griffin JJ, Guagliumi G, Stuckey T, Turco M, Carroll JD, Rutherford BD, Lansky AJ, Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) Investigators. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002;346(13):957–966.
148 Kastrati A, Dibra A, Spaulding C, Laarman GJ, Menichelli M, Valgimigli M, Di Lorenzo E, Kaiser C, Tierala I, Mehilli J, Seyfarth M, Varenne O, Dirksen MT, Percoco G, Varricchio A, Pittl U, Syvanne M, Suttorp MJ, Violini R, Schomig A. Meta-analysis of randomized trials on drug-eluting stents vs. bare-metal stents in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2007;28(22):2706–2713.
149 Raber L, Kelbaek H, Ostojic M, Baumbach A, Heg D, Tuller D, von Birgelen C, Roffi M, Moschovitis A, Khattab AA, Wenaweser P, Bonvini R, Pedrazzini G, Kornowski R, Weber K, Trelle S, Luscher TF, Taniwaki M, Matter CM, Meier B, Juni P, Windecker S, COMFORTABLE AMI Trial Investigators. Effect of biolimus-eluting stents with biodegradable polymer vs bare-metal stents on cardiovascular events among patients with acute myocardial infarction: the COMFORTABLE AMI randomized trial. JAMA 2012;308(8):777–787.
150 Sabate M, Cequier A, Iniguez A, Serra A, Hernandez-Antolin R, Mainar V, Valgimigli M, Tespili M, den Heijer P, Bethencourt A, Vazquez N, Gomez-Hospital JA, Baz JA, Martin-Yuste V, van Geuns RJ, Alfonso F, Bordes P, Tebaldi M, Masotti M, Silvestro A, Backx B, Brugaletta S, van Es GA, Serruys PW. Everolimus-eluting stent versus bare-metal stent in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (EXAMINATION): 1 year results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380(9852):1482–1490.
151 Sabate M, Brugaletta S, Cequier A, Iniguez A, Serra A, Jimenez-Quevedo P, Mainar V, Campo G, Tespili M, den Heijer P, Bethencourt A, Vazquez N, van Es GA, Backx B, Valgimigli M, Serruys PW. Clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with everolimus-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents (EXAMINATION): 5-year results of a randomised trial. Lancet 2016;387(10016):357–366.
152 Bonaa KH, Mannsverk J, Wiseth R, Aaberge L, Myreng Y, Nygard O, Nilsen DW, Klow NE, Uchto M, Trovik T, Bendz B, Stavnes S, Bjornerheim R, Larsen AI, Slette M, Steigen T, Jakobsen OJ, Bleie O, Fossum E, Hanssen TA, Dahl-Eriksen O, Njolstad I, Rasmussen K, Wilsgaard T, Nordrehaug JE, NORSTENT Investigators. Drug-eluting or bare-metal stents for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2016;375(13):1242–1252.
153 Carrick D, Oldroyd KG, McEntegart M, Haig C, Petrie MC, Eteiba H, Hood S, Owens C, Watkins S, Layland J, Lindsay M, Peat E, Rae A, Behan M, Sood A, Hillis WS, Mordi I, Mahrous A, Ahmed N, Wilson R, Lasalle L, Genereux P, Ford I, Berry C. A randomized trial of deferred stenting versus immediate stenting to prevent no- or slow-reflow in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (DEFER-STEMI). J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(20):2088–2098.
154 Belle L, Motreff P, Mangin L, Range G, Marcaggi X, Marie A, Ferrier N, Dubreuil O, Zemour G, Souteyrand G, Caussin C, Amabile N, Isaaz K, Dauphin R, Koning R, Robin C, Faurie B, Bonello L, Champin S, Delhaye C, Cuilleret F, Mewton N, Genty C, Viallon M, Bosson JL, Croisille P, MIMI Investigators. Comparison of immediate with delayed stenting using the minimalist immediate mechanical intervention approach in acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: the MIMI Study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2016;9(3):e003388.
155 Kelbaek H, Hofsten DE, Kober L, Helqvist S, Klovgaard L, Holmvang L, Jorgensen E, Pedersen F, Saunamaki K, De Backer O, Bang LE, Kofoed KF, Lonborg J, Ahtarovski K, Vejlstrup N, Botker HE, Terkelsen CJ, Christiansen EH, Ravkilde J, Tilsted HH, Villadsen AB, Aaroe J, Jensen SE, Raungaard B, Jensen LO, Clemmensen P, Grande P, Madsen JK, Torp-Pedersen C, Engstrom T. Deferred versus conventional stent implantation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (DANAMI 3-DEFER): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016;387(10034):2199–2206.
156 Burzotta F, De Vita M, Gu YL, Isshiki T, Lefevre T, Kaltoft A, Dudek D, Sardella G, Orrego PS, Antoniucci D, De Luca L, Biondi-Zoccai GG, Crea F, Zijlstra F. Clinical impact of thrombectomy in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an individual patient-data pooled analysis of 11 trials. Eur Heart J 2009;30(18):2193–2203.
157 Frobert O, Lagerqvist B, Olivecrona GK, Omerovic E, Gudnason T, Maeng M, Aasa M, Angeras O, Calais F, Danielewicz M, Erlinge D, Hellsten L, Jensen U, Johansson AC, Karegren A, Nilsson J, Robertson L, Sandhall L, Sjogren I, Ostlund O, Harnek J, James SK, TASTE Trial. Thrombus aspiration during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2013;369(17):1587–1597.
158 Lagerqvist B, Frobert O, Olivecrona GK, Gudnason T, Maeng M, Alstrom P, Andersson J, Calais F, Carlsson J, Collste O, Gotberg M, Hardhammar P, Ioanes D, Kallryd A, Linder R, Lundin A, Odenstedt J, Omerovic E, Puskar V, Todt T, Zelleroth E, Ostlund O, James SK. Outcomes 1 year after thrombus aspiration for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2014;371(12):1111–1120.
159 Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, Meeks B, Pogue J, Rokoss MJ, Kedev S, Thabane L, Stankovic G, Moreno R, Gershlick A, Chowdhary S, Lavi S, Niemela K, Steg PG, Bernat I, Xu Y, Cantor WJ, Overgaard CB, Naber CK, Cheema AN, Welsh RC, Bertrand OF, Avezum A, Bhindi R, Pancholy S, Rao SV, Natarajan MK, ten Berg JM, Shestakovska O, Gao P, Widimsky P, Dzavik V, TOTAL Investigators. Randomized trial of primary PCI with or without routine manual thrombectomy. N Engl J Med 2015;372(15):1389–1398.
160 Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, Rokoss MJ, Gao P, Meeks B, Kedev S, Stankovic G, Moreno R, Gershlick A, Chowdhary S, Lavi S, Niemela K, Bernat I, Cantor WJ, Cheema AN, Steg PG, Welsh RC, Sheth T, Bertrand OF, Avezum A, Bhindi R, Natarajan MK, Horak D, Leung RC, Kassam S, Rao SV, El-Omar M, Mehta SR, Velianou JL, Pancholy S, Dzavik V, TOTAL Investigators. Outcomes after thrombus aspiration for ST elevation myocardial infarction: 1-year follow-up of the prospective randomised TOTAL trial. Lancet 2016;387(10014):127–135.
161 Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, Meeks B, Gao P, Hart RG, Kedev S, Stankovic G, Moreno R, Horak D, Kassam S, Rokoss MJ, Leung RC, El-Omar M, Romppanen HO, Alazzoni A, Alak A, Fung A, Alexopoulos D, Schwalm JD, Valettas N, Dzavik V, TOTAL Investigators. Stroke in the TOTAL trial: a randomized trial of routine thrombectomy vs. percutaneous coronary intervention alone in ST elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2015;36(35):2364–2372.
162 Jolly SS, James S, Dzavik V, Cairns JA, Mahmoud KD, Zijlstra F, Yusuf S, Olivecrona GK, Renlund H, Gao P, Lagerqvist B, Alazzoni A, Kedev S, Stankovic G, Meeks B, Frobert O. Thrombus aspiration in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. An individual patient meta-analysis: Thrombectomy Trialists Collaboration. Circulation 2017;135(2):143–152.
163 Sorajja P, Gersh BJ, Cox DA, McLaughlin MG, Zimetbaum P, Costantini C, Stuckey T, Tcheng JE, Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Grines CL, Stone GW. Impact of multivessel disease on reperfusion success and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2007;28(14):1709–1716.
164 Dziewierz A, Siudak Z, Rakowski T, Zasada W, Dubiel JS, Dudek D. Impact of multivessel coronary artery disease and noninfarct-related artery revascularization on outcome of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction transferred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (from the EUROTRANSFER Registry). Am J Cardiol 2010;106(3):342–347.
165 Cavender MA, Milford-Beland S, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Weintraub WS, Rao SV. Prevalence, predictors, and in-hospital outcomes of non-infarct artery intervention during primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry). Am J Cardiol 2009;104(4):507–513.
166 Hannan EL, Samadashvili Z, Walford G, Holmes DRJr, Jacobs AK, Stamato NJ, Venditti FJ, Sharma S, King SB3rd. Culprit vessel percutaneous coronary intervention versus multivessel and staged percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients with multivessel disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3(1):22–31.
167 Politi L, Sgura F, Rossi R, Monopoli D, Guerri E, Leuzzi C, Bursi F, Sangiorgi GM, Modena MG. A randomised trial of target-vessel versus multi-vessel revascularisation in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: major adverse cardiac events during long-term follow-up. Heart 2010;96(9):662–667.
168 Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ, Chase AJ, Edwards RJ, Hughes LO, Berry C, Oldroyd KG, PRAMI Investigators. Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2013;369(12):1115–1123.
169 Gershlick AH, Khan JN, Kelly DJ, Greenwood JP, Sasikaran T, Curzen N, Blackman DJ, Dalby M, Fairbrother KL, Banya W, Wang D, Flather M, Hetherington SL, Kelion AD, Talwar S, Gunning M, Hall R, Swanton H, McCann GP. Randomized trial of complete versus lesion-only revascularization in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI and multivessel disease: the CvLPRIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65(10):963–972.
170 Engstrom T, Kelbaek H, Helqvist S, Hofsten DE, Klovgaard L, Holmvang L, Jorgensen E, Pedersen F, Saunamaki K, Clemmensen P, De Backer O, Ravkilde J, Tilsted HH, Villadsen AB, Aaroe J, Jensen SE, Raungaard B, Kober L, DANAMI-PRIMULTI Investigators. Complete revascularisation versus treatment of the culprit lesion only in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease (DANAMI-3-PRIMULTI): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;386(9994):665–671.
171 Smits PC, Abdel-Wahab M, Neumann FJ, Boxma-de Klerk BM, Lunde K, Schotborgh CE, Piroth Z, Horak D, Wlodarczak A, Ong PJ, Hambrecht R, Angeras O, Richardt G, Omerovic E, Compare-Acute Investigators. Fractional flow reserve-guided multivessel angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2017;376(13):1234–1244.
172 Moreno R, Mehta SR. Nonculprit vessel intervention: let's COMPLETE the evidence. Rev Esp Cardiol (English Ed) 2017;70:418–420.
73 Bangalore S, Toklu B, Wetterslev J. Complete versus culprit-only revascularization for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2015;8(4):e002142.
174 Elgendy IY, Mahmoud AN, Kumbhani DJ, Bhatt DL, Bavry AA. Complete or culprit-only revascularization for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2017;10(4):315–324.
175 Patel MR, Smalling RW, Thiele H, Barnhart HX, Zhou Y, Chandra P, Chew D, Cohen M, French J, Perera D, Ohman EM. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and infarct size in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction without shock: the CRISP AMI randomized trial. JAMA 2011;306(12):1329–1337.
176 Sjauw KD, Engstrom AE, Vis MM, van der Schaaf RJ, Baan JJr, Koch KT, de Winter RJ, Piek JJ, Tijssen JG, Henriques JP. A systematic review and meta-analysis of intra-aortic balloon pump therapy in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: should we change the guidelines? Eur Heart J 2009;30(4):459–468.
177 Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, Ferenc M, Olbrich HG, Hausleiter J, Richardt G, Hennersdorf M, Empen K, Fuernau G, Desch S, Eitel I, Hambrecht R, Fuhrmann J, Bohm M, Ebelt H, Schneider S, Schuler G, Werdan K, IABP-SHOCK II Trial Investigators. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med 2012;367(14):1287–1296.
178 Stefanini GG, Byrne RA, Serruys PW, de Waha A, Meier B, Massberg S, Juni P, Schomig A, Windecker S, Kastrati A. Biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents reduce the risk of stent thrombosis at 4 years in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a pooled analysis of individual patient data from the ISAR-TEST 3, ISAR-TEST 4, and LEADERS randomized trials. Eur Heart J 2012;33(10):1214–1222.
179 Palmerini T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Della Riva D, Mariani A, Sabate M, Valgimigli M, Frati G, Kedhi E, Smits PC, Kaiser C, Genereux P, Galatius S, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW. Clinical outcomes with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: evidence from a comprehensive network meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62(6):496–504.
180 Karrowni W, Vyas A, Giacomino B, Schweizer M, Blevins A, Girotra S, Horwitz PA. Radial versus femoral access for primary percutaneous interventions in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013;6(8):814–823.
181 Zeymer U, Hohlfeld T, Vom Dahl J, Erbel R, Munzel T, Zahn R, Roitenberg A, Breitenstein S, Pap AF, Trenk D. Prospective, randomised trial of the time dependent antiplatelet effects of 500 mg and 250 mg acetylsalicylic acid i. v. and 300 mg p. o. in ACS (ACUTE). Thromb Haemost 2017;117(3):625–635.
182 Montalescot G, van 't Hof AW, Lapostolle F, Silvain J, Lassen JF, Bolognese L, Cantor WJ, Cequier A, Chettibi M, Goodman SG, Hammett CJ, Huber K, Janzon M, Merkely B, Storey RF, Zeymer U, Stibbe O, Ecollan P, Heutz WM, Swahn E, Collet JP, Willems FF, Baradat C, Licour M, Tsatsaris A, Vicaut E, Hamm CW, ATLANTIC Investigators. Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2014;371(11):1016–1027.
183 Koul S, Smith JG, Schersten F, James S, Lagerqvist B, Erlinge D. Effect of upstream clopidogrel treatment in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur Heart J 2011;32(23):2989–2997.
184 Dorler J, Edlinger M, Alber HF, Altenberger J, Benzer W, Grimm G, Huber K, Pachinger O, Schuchlenz H, Siostrzonek P, Zenker G, Weidinger F, Austrian Acute PCI Investigators. Clopidogrel pre-treatment is associated with reduced in-hospital mortality in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2011;32(23):2954–1961.
185 Zeymer U, Arntz HR, Mark B, Fichtlscherer S, Werner G, Scholler R, Zahn R, Diller F, Darius H, Dill T, Huber K. Efficacy and safety of a high loading dose of clopidogrel administered prehospitally to improve primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the randomized CIPAMI trial. Clin Res Cardiol 2012;101(4):305–312.
186 Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann FJ, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy SA, Riesmeyer J, Weerakkody G, Gibson CM, Antman EM, TRITON-TIMI 38 Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007;357(20):2001–2015.
187 Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, Horrow J, Husted S, James S, Katus H, Mahaffey KW, Scirica BM, Skene A, Steg PG, Storey RF, Harrington RAPLATO InvestigatorsFreij A, Thorsen M. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009;361(11):1045–1057.
188 Roe MT, Armstrong PW, Fox KA, White HD, Prabhakaran D, Goodman SG, Cornel JH, Bhatt DL, Clemmensen P, Martinez F, Ardissino D, Nicolau JC, Boden WE, Gurbel PA, Ruzyllo W, Dalby AJ, McGuire DK, Leiva-Pons JL, Parkhomenko A, Gottlieb S, Topacio GO, Hamm C, Pavlides G, Goudev AR, Oto A, Tseng CD, Merkely B, Gasparovic V, Corbalan R, Cinteza M, McLendon RC, Winters KJ, Brown EB, Lokhnygina Y, Aylward PE, Huber K, Hochman JS, Ohman EM, TRILOGY ACS Investigators. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med 2012;367(14):1297–1309.
189 Storey RF, Becker RC, Harrington RA, Husted S, James SK, Cools F, Steg PG, Khurmi NS, Emanuelsson H, Cooper A, Cairns R, Cannon CP, Wallentin L. Characterization of dyspnoea in PLATO study patients treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel and its association with clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J 2011;32(23):2945–2953.
190 Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, Jolly SS, Joyner CD, Granger CB, Faxon DP, Rupprecht HJ, Budaj A, Avezum A, Widimsky P, Steg PG, Bassand JP, Montalescot G, Macaya C, Di Pasquale G, Niemela K, Ajani AE, White HD, Chrolavicius S, Gao P, Fox KA, Yusuf S, CURRENT-OASIS Trial Investigators. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2010;376(9748):1233–1243.
191 Bhatt DL, Lincoff AM, Gibson CM, Stone GW, McNulty S, Montalescot G, Kleiman NS, Goodman SG, White HD, Mahaffey KW, Pollack CVJr, Manoukian SV, Widimsky P, Chew DP, Cura F, Manukov I, Tousek F, Jafar MZ, Arneja J, Skerjanec S, Harrington RA, CHAMPION PLATFORM Investigators. Intravenous platelet blockade with cangrelor during PCI. N Engl J Med 2009;361(24):2330–2341.
192 Harrington RA, Stone GW, McNulty S, White HD, Lincoff AM, Gibson CM, Pollack CVJr, Montalescot G, Mahaffey KW, Kleiman NS, Goodman SG, Amine M, Angiolillo DJ, Becker RC, Chew DP, French WJ, Leisch F, Parikh KH, Skerjanec S, Bhatt DL. Platelet inhibition with cangrelor in patients undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 2009;361(24):2318–2329.
193 Bhatt DL, Stone GW, Mahaffey KW, Gibson CM, Steg PG, Hamm CW, Price MJ, Leonardi S, Gallup D, Bramucci E, Radke PW, Widimsky P, Tousek F, Tauth J, Spriggs D, McLaurin BT, Angiolillo DJ, Genereux P, Liu T, Prats J, Todd M, Skerjanec S, White HD, Harrington RA, CHAMPION PHOENIX Investigators. Effect of platelet inhibition with cangrelor during PCI on ischemic events. N Engl J Med 2013;368(14):1303–1313.
194 Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW, Stone GW, Gibson CM, Mahaffey KW, Leonardi S, Liu T, Skerjanec S, Day JR, Iwaoka RS, Stuckey TD, Gogia HS, Gruberg L, French WJ, White HD, Harrington RA, CHAMPION Investigators. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Lancet 2013;382(9909):1981–1992.
195 Ellis SG, Tendera M, de Belder MA, van Boven AJ, Widimsky P, Janssens L, Andersen HR, Betriu A, Savonitto S, Adamus J, Peruga JZ, Kosmider M, Katz O, Neunteufl T, Jorgova J, Dorobantu M, Grinfeld L, Armstrong P, Brodie BR, Herrmann HC, Montalescot G, Neumann FJ, Effron MB, Barnathan ES, Topol EJ, FINESSE Investigators. Facilitated PCI in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008;358(21):2205–2217.
196 ten Berg JM, van 't Hof AW, Dill T, Heestermans T, van Werkum JW, Mosterd A, van Houwelingen G, Koopmans PC, Stella PR, Boersma E, Hamm C. Effect of early, pre-hospital initiation of high bolus dose tirofiban in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction on short- and long-term clinical outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55(22):2446–2455.
197 Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, Peruga JZ, Brodie BR, Dudek D, Kornowski R, Hartmann F, Gersh BJ, Pocock SJ, Dangas G, Wong SC, Kirtane AJ, Parise H, Mehran R, HORIZONS-AMI Trial Investigators. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008;358(21):2218–2230.
198 Friedland S, Eisenberg MJ, Shimony A. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of intracoronary versus intravenous administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2011;108(9):1244–1251.
199 Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Afzal R, Pogue J, Granger CB, Budaj A, Peters RJG, Bassand JP, Wallentin L, Joyner C, Fox KAA, OASIS-6 Trial Group. Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA 2006;295(13):1519–1530.
200 Montalescot G, Zeymer U, Silvain J, Boulanger B, Cohen M, Goldstein P, Ecollan P, Combes X, Huber K, Pollack CJr, Benezet JF, Stibbe O, Filippi E, Teiger E, Cayla G, Elhadad S, Adnet F, Chouihed T, Gallula S, Greffet A, Aout M, Collet JP, Vicaut E, ATOLL Investigators. Intravenous enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the international randomised open-label ATOLL trial. Lancet 2011;378(9792):693–703.
201 Collet JP, Huber K, Cohen M, Zeymer U, Goldstein P, Pollack CJr, Silvain J, Henry P, Varenne O, Carrie D, Coste P, Angioi M, Le Breton H, Cayla G, Elhadad S, Teiger E, Filippi E, Aout M, Vicaut E, Montalescot G, ATOLL Investigators. A direct comparison of intravenous enoxaparin with unfractionated heparin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (from the ATOLL trial). Am J Cardiol 2013;112(9):1367–1372.
202 Silvain J, Beygui F, Barthelemy O, Pollack CJr, Cohen M, Zeymer U, Huber K, Goldstein P, Cayla G, Collet JP, Vicaut E, Montalescot G. Efficacy and safety of enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012;344:e553.
203 Steg PG, van 't Hof A, Hamm CW, Clemmensen P, Lapostolle F, Coste P, Ten Berg J, Van Grunsven P, Eggink GJ, Nibbe L, Zeymer U, Campo dell' Orto M, Nef H, Steinmetz J, Soulat L, Huber K, Deliargyris EN, Bernstein D, Schuette D, Prats J, Clayton T, Pocock S, Hamon M, Goldstein P, EUROMAX Investigators. Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI. N Engl J Med 2013;369(23):2207–2217.
204 Schulz S, Richardt G, Laugwitz KL, Morath T, Neudecker J, Hoppmann P, Mehran R, Gershlick AH, Tolg R, Anette Fiedler K, Abdel-Wahab M, Kufner S, Schneider S, Schunkert H, Ibrahim T, Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Bavarian Reperfusion Alternatives Evaluation Investigators. Prasugrel plus bivalirudin vs. clopidogrel plus heparin in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2014;35(34):2285–2294.
205 Shahzad A, Kemp I, Mars C, Wilson K, Roome C, Cooper R, Andron M, Appleby C, Fisher M, Khand A, Kunadian B, Mills JD, Morris JL, Morrison WL, Munir S, Palmer ND, Perry RA, Ramsdale DR, Velavan P, Stables RH, HEAT-PPCI Trial Investigators. Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014;384(9957):1849–1858.
206 Han Y, Guo J, Zheng Y, Zang H, Su X, Wang Y, Chen S, Jiang T, Yang P, Chen J, Jiang D, Jing Q, Liang Z, Liu H, Zhao X, Li J, Li Y, Xu B, Stone GW, BRIGHT Investigators. Bivalirudin vs heparin with or without tirofiban during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the BRIGHT randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313(13):1336–1346.
207 Zeymer U, van 't Hof A, Adgey J, Nibbe L, Clemmensen P, Cavallini C, ten Berg J, Coste P, Huber K, Deliargyris EN, Day J, Bernstein D, Goldstein P, Hamm C, Steg PG. Bivalirudin is superior to heparins alone with bailout GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction transported emergently for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a pre-specified analysis from the EUROMAX trial. Eur Heart J 2014;35(36):2460–2467.
208 Capodanno D, Gargiulo G, Capranzano P, Mehran R, Tamburino C, Stone GW. Bivalirudin versus heparin with or without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI: An updated meta-analysis of 10,350 patients from five randomized clinical trials. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2016;5(3):253–262.
209 Valgimigli M, Frigoli E, Leonardi S, Rothenbuhler M, Gagnor A, Calabro P, Garducci S, Rubartelli P, Briguori C, Ando G, Repetto A, Limbruno U, Garbo R, Sganzerla P, Russo F, Lupi A, Cortese B, Ausiello A, Ierna S, Esposito G, Presbitero P, Santarelli A, Sardella G, Varbella F, Tresoldi S, de Cesare N, Rigattieri S, Zingarelli A, Tosi P, van 't Hof A, Boccuzzi G, Omerovic E, Sabate M, Heg D, Juni P, Vranckx P, MATRIX Investigators. Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;373(11):997–1009.
210 Leonardi S, Frigoli E, Rothenbuhler M, Navarese E, Calabro P, Bellotti P, Briguori C, Ferlini M, Cortese B, Lupi A, Lerna S, Zavallonito-Parenti D, Esposito G, Tresoldi S, Zingarelli A, Rigattieri S, Palmieri C, Liso A, Abate F, Zimarino M, Comeglio M, Gabrielli G, Chieffo A, Brugaletta S, Mauro C, Van Mieghem NM, Heg D, Juni P, Windecker S, Valgimigli M, Investigators M. Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in patients with acute coronary syndromes managed invasively with and without ST elevation (MATRIX): randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2016;354:i4935.
211 Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Mehilli J, Byrne RA, Iijima R, Buttner HJ, Khattab AA, Schulz S, Blankenship JC, Pache J, Minners J, Seyfarth M, Graf I, Skelding KA, Dirschinger J, Richardt G, Berger PB, Schomig A, ISAR-REACT 3 Trial Investigators. Bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 2008;359(7):688–696.
212 Ndrepepa G, Schulz S, Keta D, Mehilli J, Birkmeier A, Massberg S, Laugwitz KL, Neumann FJ, Seyfarth M, Berger PB, Schomig A, Kastrati A. Bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention with Bivalirudin or unfractionated Heparin and one-year mortality. Am J Cardiol 2010;105(2):163–167.
213 ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988;2(8607):349–360.
214 Patrono C, Andreotti F, Arnesen H, Badimon L, Baigent C, Collet JP, De Caterina R, Gulba D, Huber K, Husted S, Kristensen SD, Morais J, Neumann FJ, Rasmussen LH, Siegbahn A, Steg PG, Storey RF, Van de Werf F, Verheugt F. Antiplatelet agents for the treatment and prevention of atherothrombosis. Eur Heart J 2011;32(23):2922–2932.
215 Cavender MA, Sabatine MS. Bivalirudin versus heparin in patients planned for percutaneous coronary intervention: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet 2014;384(9943):599–606.
216 Stone GW, Selker HP, Thiele H, Patel MR, Udelson JE, Ohman EM, Maehara A, Eitel I, Granger CB, Jenkins PL, Nichols M, Ben-Yehuda O. Relationship between infarct size and outcomes following primary PCI: patient-level analysis from 10 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(14):1674–1683.
217 Ibanez B, Heusch G, Ovize M, Van de Werf F. Evolving therapies for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65(14):1454–1471.
218 Niccoli G, Scalone G, Lerman A, Crea F. Coronary microvascular obstruction in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2016;37(13):1024–1033.
219 Hausenloy DJ, Botker HE, Engstrom T, Erlinge D, Heusch G, Ibanez B, Kloner RA, Ovize M, Yellon DM, Garcia-Dorado D. Targeting reperfusion injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: trials and tribulations. Eur Heart J 2017;38(13):935–941.
220 Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomised trials of more than 1000 patients. Lancet 1994;343(8893):311–322.
221 White HD. Thrombolytic therapy in the elderly. Lancet 2000;356(9247):2028–2030.
222 Bonnefoy E, Lapostolle F, Leizorovicz A, Steg G, McFadden EP, Dubien PY, Cattan S, Boullenger E, Machecourt J, Lacroute JM, Cassagnes J, Dissait F, Touboul P, Comparison of Angioplasty and Prehospital Thromboysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction Study Group. Primary angioplasty versus prehospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a randomised study. Lancet 2002;360(9336):825–829.
223 Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic (ASSENT-2) Investigators, Van de Werf F, Adgey J, Ardissino D, Armstrong PW, Aylward P, Barbash G, Betriu A, Binbrek AS, Califf R, Diaz R, Fanebust R, Fox K, Granger C, Heikkila J, Husted S, Jansky P, Langer A, Lupi E, Maseri A, Meyer J, Mlczoch J, Mocceti D, Myburgh D, Oto A, Paolasso E, Pehrsson K, Seabra-Gomes R, Soares-Piegas L, Sugrue D, Tendera M, Topol E, Toutouzas P, Vahanian A, Verheugt F, Wallentin L, White H. Single-bolus tenecteplase compared with front-loaded alteplase in acute myocardial infarction: the ASSENT-2 double-blind randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354(9180):716–722.
224 The GUSTO Investigators. An international randomized trial comparing four thrombolytic strategies for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993;329(10):673–682.
225 Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP, Xie JX, Pan HC, Peto R, Collins R, Liu LS, COMMIT (ClOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) Collaborative Group. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366(9497):1607–1621.
226 Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, Lopez-Sendon JL, Montalescot G, Theroux P, Claeys MJ, Cools F, Hill KA, Skene AM, McCabe CH, Braunwald E, CLARITY-TIMI 28 Investigators. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2005;352(12):1179–1189.
227 Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen (ASSENT)-3 Investigators. Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with enoxaparin, abciximab, or unfractionated heparin: the ASSENT-3 randomised trial in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2001;358(9282):605–613.
228 Wallentin L, Goldstein P, Armstrong PW, Granger CB, Adgey AAJ, Arntz HR, Bogaerts K, Danays T, Lindahl B, Makijarvi M, Verheugt F, Van de Werf F. Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin in the prehospital setting - the Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic Regimen (ASSENT)-3 PLUS randomized trial in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;108(2):135–142.
229 Giraldez RR, Nicolau JC, Corbalan R, Gurfinkel EP, Juarez U, Lopez-Sendon J, Parkhomenko A, Molhoek P, Mohanavelu S, Morrow DA, Antman EM. Enoxaparin is superior to unfractionated heparin in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing fibrinolysis regardless of the choice of lytic: an ExTRACT-TIMI 25 analysis. Eur Heart J 2007;28(13):1566–1573.
230 White HD, Braunwald E, Murphy SA, Jacob AJ, Gotcheva N, Polonetsky L, Antman EM. Enoxaparin vs. unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction in elderly and younger patients: results from ExTRACT-TIMI 25. Eur Heart J 2007;28(9):1066–1071.
231 Ross AM, Molhoek P, Lundergan C, Knudtson M, Draoui Y, Regalado L, Le Louer V, Bigonzi F, Schwartz W, de Jong E, Coyne K. Randomized comparison of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, with unfractionated heparin adjunctive to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis and aspirin: second trial of heparin and aspirin reperfusion therapy (HART II). Circulation 2001;104(6):648–652.
232 Antman EM, Louwerenburg HW, Baars HF, Wesdorp JCL, Hamer B, Bassand JP, Bigonzi F, Pisapia G, Gibson CM, Heidbuchel H, Braunwald E, Van de Werf F. Enoxaparin as adjunctive antithrombin therapy for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: results of the ENTIRE-thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 23 trial. Circulation 2002;105(14):1642–1649.
233 Peters RJ, Joyner C, Bassand JP, Afzal R, Chrolavicius S, Mehta SR, Oldgren J, Wallentin L, Budaj A, Fox KA, Yusuf S, OASIS-6 Investigators. The role of fondaparinux as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: a subgroup analysis of the OASIS-6 trial. Eur Heart J 2008;29(3):324–331.
234 Fernandez-Aviles F, Alonso JJ, Castro-Beiras A, Vazquez N, Blanco J, Alonso-Briales J, Lopez-Mesa J, Fernandez-Vazquez F, Calvo I, Martinez-Elbal L, San Roman JA, Ramos B, GRACIA (Grupo de Análisis de la Cardiopatía Isquémica Aguda) Group. Routine invasive strategy within 24 hours of thrombolysis versus ischaemia-guided conservative approach for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (GRACIA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9439):1045–1053.
235 Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, White HD, Dzavik V, Wong SC, Menon V, Webb JG, Steingart R, Picard MH, Menegus MA, Boland J, Sanborn T, Buller CE, Modur S, Forman R, Desvigne-Nickens P, Jacobs AK, Slater JN, LeJemtel TH, SHOCK Investigators. One-year survival following early revascularization for cardiogenic shock. JAMA 2001;285(2):190–192.
236 Ellis SG, da Silva ER, Heyndrickx G, Talley JD, Cernigliaro C, Steg G, Spaulding C, Nobuyoshi M, Erbel R, Vassanelli C, Topol EJ, RESCUE Investigators. Randomized comparison of rescue angioplasty with conservative management of patients with early failure of thrombolysis for acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation 1994;90(5):2280–2284.
237 Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of a New Treatment Strategy with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (ASSENT-4 PCI) Investigators. Primary versus tenecteplase-facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (ASSENT-4 PCI): randomised trial. Lancet 2006;367(9510):569–578.
238 Sinnaeve PR, Armstrong PW, Gershlick AH, Goldstein P, Wilcox R, Lambert Y, Danays T, Soulat L, Halvorsen S, Ortiz FR, Vandenberghe K, Regelin A, Bluhmki E, Bogaerts K, Van de Werf F, STREAM Investigators. ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients randomized to a pharmaco-invasive strategy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention: Strategic Reperfusion Early After Myocardial Infarction (STREAM) 1-year mortality follow-up. Circulation 2014;130(14):1139–1145.
239 Scheller B, Hennen B, Hammer B, Walle J, Hofer C, Hilpert V, Winter H, Nickenig G, Bohm M, SIAM III Study Group. Beneficial effects of immediate stenting after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;42(4):634–641.
240 Le May MR, Wells GA, Labinaz M, Davies RF, Turek M, Leddy D, Maloney J, McKibbin T, Quinn B, Beanlands RS, Glover C, Marquis JF, O'Brien ER, Williams WL, Higginson LA. Combined angioplasty and pharmacological intervention versus thrombolysis alone in acute myocardial infarction (CAPITAL AMI study). J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46(3):417–424.
241 Abdel-Qadir H, Yan AT, Tan M, Borgia F, Piscione F, Di Mario C, Halvorsen S, Cantor WJ, Westerhout CM, Scheller B, Le May MR, Fernandez-Aviles F, Sanchez PL, Lee DS, Goodman SG. Consistency of benefit from an early invasive strategy after fibrinolysis: a patient-level meta-analysis. Heart 2015;101(19):1554–1561.
242 Sanchez PL, Gimeno F, Ancillo P, Sanz JJ, Alonso-Briales JH, Bosa F, Santos I, Sanchis J, Bethencourt A, Lopez-Messa J, de Prado AP, Alonso JJ, San Roman JA, Fernandez-Aviles F. Role of the paclitaxel-eluting stent and tirofiban in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing postfibrinolysis angioplasty: the GRACIA-3 randomized clinical trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010;3(4):297–307.
243 White HD, Hirulog and Early Reperfusion or Occlusion (HERO)-2 Trial Investigators. Thrombin-specific anticoagulation with bivalirudin versus heparin in patients receiving fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: the HERO-2 randomised trial. Lancet 2001;358(9296):1855–1863.
244 Fernandez-Aviles F, Alonso JJ, Pena G, Blanco J, Alonso-Briales J, Lopez-Mesa J, Fernandez-Vazquez F, Moreu J, Hernandez RA, Castro-Beiras A, Gabriel R, Gibson CM, Sanchez PL, GRACIA-2 (Groupo de Análisis de Cardiopatía Isquémica Aguda) Investigators. Primary angioplasty vs. early routine post-fibrinolysis angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation: the GRACIA-2 non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial. Eur Heart J 2007;28(8):949–960.
245 Van de Werf F, Barron HV, Armstrong PW, Granger CB, Berioli S, Barbash G, Pehrsson K, Verheugt FW, Meyer J, Betriu A, Califf RM, Li X, Fox NL, ASSENT-2 Investigators, Assessment of the safety and efficacy of a new thrombolytic. Incidence and predictors of bleeding events after fibrinolytic therapy with fibrin-specific agents: a comparison of TNK-tPA and rt-PA. Eur Heart J 2001;22(24):2253–2261.
246 The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO III) Investigators. A comparison of reteplase with alteplase for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1997;337(16):1118–1123.
247 Bottiger BW, Arntz HR, Chamberlain DA, Bluhmki E, Belmans A, Danays T, Carli PA, Adgey JA, Bode C, Wenzel V, TROICA Trial Investigators, European Resuscitation Council Study Group. Thrombolysis during resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2008;359(25):2651–2662.
248 Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, Buller CE, Jacobs AK, Slater JN, Col J, McKinlay SM, LeJemtel TH. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med 1999;341(9):625–634.
249 Weiss ES, Chang DD, Joyce DL, Nwakanma LU, Yuh DD. Optimal timing of coronary artery bypass after acute myocardial infarction: a review of California discharge data. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;135(3):503–511.
250 Hansson EC, Jideus L, Aberg B, Bjursten H, Dreifaldt M, Holmgren A, Ivert T, Nozohoor S, Barbu M, Svedjeholm R, Jeppsson A. Coronary artery bypass grafting-related bleeding complications in patients treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J 2016;37(2):189–197.
251 Deja MA, Kargul T, Domaradzki W, Stacel T, Mazur W, Wojakowski W, Gocol R, Gaszewska-Zurek E, Zurek P, Pytel A, Wos S. Effects of preoperative aspirin in coronary artery bypass grafting: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2012;144(1):204–209.
252 Lim E, Ali Z, Ali A, Routledge T, Edmonds L, Altman DG, Large S. Indirect comparison meta-analysis of aspirin therapy after coronary surgery. BMJ 2003;327(7427):1309.
253 Gavaghan TP, Gebski V, Baron DW. Immediate postoperative aspirin improves vein graft patency early and late after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A placebo-controlled, randomized study. Circulation 1991;83(5):1526–1533.
254 Hasin Y, Danchin N, Filippatos GS, Heras M, Janssens U, Leor J, Nahir M, Parkhomenko A, Thygesen K, Tubaro M, Wallentin LC, Zakke I. Recommendations for the structure, organization, and operation of intensive cardiac care units. Eur Heart J 2005;26(16):1676–1682.
255 Spencer FA, Lessard D, Gore JM, Yarzebski J, Goldberg RJ. Declining length of hospital stay for acute myocardial infarction and postdischarge outcomes: a community-wide perspective. Arch Intern Med 2004;164(7):733–740.
256 Berger AK, Duval S, Jacobs DRJr, Barber C, Vazquez G, Lee S, Luepker RV. Relation of length of hospital stay in acute myocardial infarction to postdischarge mortality. Am J Cardiol 2008;101(4):428–434.
257 Grines CL, Marsalese DL, Brodie B, Griffin J, Donohue B, Costantini CR, Balestrini C, Stone G, Wharton T, Esente P, Spain M, Moses J, Nobuyoshi M, Ayres M, Jones D, Mason D, Sachs D, Grines LL, O'Neill W. Safety and cost-effectiveness of early discharge after primary angioplasty in low risk patients with acute myocardial infarction. PAMI-II Investigators. Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31(5):967–972.
258 De Luca G, Suryapranata H, van 't Hof AW, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JC, Dambrink JH, Gosselink AT, Ottervanger JP, Zijlstra F. Prognostic assessment of patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty: implications for early discharge. Circulation 2004;109(22):2737–2743.
259 Azzalini L, Sole E, Sans J, Vila M, Duran A, Gil-Alonso D, Santalo M, Garcia-Moll X, Sionis A. Feasibility and safety of an early discharge strategy after low-risk acute myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the EDAMI pilot trial. Cardiology 2015;130(2):120–129.
260 Melberg T, Jorgensen M, Orn S, Solli T, Edland U, Dickstein K. Safety and health status following early discharge in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary PCI: a randomized trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015;22(11):1427–1434.
261 Noman A, Zaman AG, Schechter C, Balasubramaniam K, Das R. Early discharge after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2013;2(3):262–269.
262 Jones DA, Rathod KS, Howard JP, Gallagher S, Antoniou S, De Palma R, Guttmann O, Cliffe S, Colley J, Butler J, Ferguson E, Mohiddin S, Kapur A, Knight CJ, Jain AK, Rothman MT, Mathur A, Timmis AD, Smith EJ, Wragg A. Safety and feasibility of hospital discharge 2 days following primary percutaneous intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Heart 2012;98(23):1722–1727.
263 Estevez-Loureiro R, Calvino-Santos R, Vazquez JM, Barge-Caballero E, Salgado-Fernandez J, Pineiro M, Freire-Tellado M, Varela-Portas J, Martinez L, Gomez S, Rodriguez JA, Vazquez N, Castro-Beiras A. Safety and feasibility of returning patients early to their originating centers after transfer for primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009;62(12):1356–1364.
264 Morrow DA, Antman EM, Charlesworth A, Cairns R, Murphy SA, de Lemos JA, Giugliano RP, McCabe CH, Braunwald E. TIMI risk score for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A convenient, bedside, clinical score for risk assessment at presentation: An intravenous nPA for treatment of infarcting myocardium early II trial substudy. Circulation 2000;102(17):2031–2037.
265 Newby LK, Hasselblad V, Armstrong PW, Van de Werf F, Mark DB, White HD, Topol EJ, Califf RM. Time-based risk assessment after myocardial infarction. Implications for timing of discharge and applications to medical decision-making. Eur Heart J 2003;24(2):182–189.
266 Dans AL, Connolly SJ, Wallentin L, Yang S, Nakamya J, Brueckmann M, Ezekowitz M, Oldgren J, Eikelboom JW, Reilly PA, Yusuf S. Concomitant use of antiplatelet therapy with dabigatran or warfarin in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation 2013;127(5):634–640.
267 Sorensen R, Hansen ML, Abildstrom SZ, Hvelplund A, Andersson C, Jorgensen C, Madsen JK, Hansen PR, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason GH. Risk of bleeding in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with different combinations of aspirin, clopidogrel, and vitamin K antagonists in Denmark: a retrospective analysis of nationwide registry data. Lancet 2009;374(9706):1967–1974.
268 Hansen ML, Sorensen R, Clausen MT, Fog-Petersen ML, Raunso J, Gadsboll N, Gislason GH, Folke F, Andersen SS, Schramm TK, Abildstrom SZ, Poulsen HE, Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C. Risk of bleeding with single, dual, or triple therapy with warfarin, aspirin, and clopidogrel in patients with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 2010;170(16):1433–1441.
269 Oldgren J, Budaj A, Granger CB, Khder Y, Roberts J, Siegbahn A, Tijssen JG, Van de Werf F, Wallentin L, Investigators R-D. Dabigatran vs. placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes on dual antiplatelet therapy: a randomized, double-blind, phase II trial. Eur Heart J 2011;32(22):2781–2789.
270 Barnes GD, Gu X, Haymart B, Kline-Rogers E, Almany S, Kozlowski J, Besley D, Krol GD, Froehlich JB, Kaatz S. The predictive ability of the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2-VASc scores for bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation: the MAQI(2) experience. Thromb Res 2014;134(2):294–299.
271 Roldan V, Marin F, Manzano-Fernandez S, Gallego P, Vilchez JA, Valdes M, Vicente V, Lip GY. The HAS-BLED score has better prediction accuracy for major bleeding than CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc scores in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;62(23):2199–2204.
272 Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C, Halperin J, Verheugt FW, Wildgoose P, Birmingham M, Ianus J, Burton P, van Eickels M, Korjian S, Daaboul Y, Lip GY, Cohen M, Husted S, Peterson ED, Fox KA. Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 2016;375(25):2423–2434.
273 Toleva O, Ibrahim Q, Brass N, Sookram S, Welsh R. Treatment choices in elderly patients with ST: elevation myocardial infarction-insights from the Vital Heart Response registry. Open Heart 2015;2(1):e000235.
274 Malkin CJ, Prakash R, Chew DP. The impact of increased age on outcome from a strategy of early invasive management and revascularisation in patients with acute coronary syndromes: retrospective analysis study from the ACACIA registry. BMJ Open 2012;2(1):e000540.
275 Alexander KP, Chen AY, Roe MT, Newby LK, Gibson CM, Allen-LaPointe NM, Pollack C, Gibler WB, Ohman EM, Peterson ED, CRUSADE Investigators. Excess dosing of antiplatelet and antithrombin agents in the treatment of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2005;294(24):3108–3116.
276 Bueno H, Betriu A, Heras M, Alonso JJ, Cequier A, Garcia EJ, Lopez-Sendon JL, Macaya C, Hernandez-Antolin R, TRIANA Investigators. Primary angioplasty vs. fibrinolysis in very old patients with acute myocardial infarction: TRIANA (TRatamiento del Infarto Agudo de miocardio eN Ancianos) randomized trial and pooled analysis with previous studies. Eur Heart J 2011;32(1):51–60.
277 Szummer K, Lundman P, Jacobson SH, Schon S, Lindback J, Stenestrand U, Wallentin L, Jernberg T, SWEDEHEART. Relation between renal function, presentation, use of therapies and in-hospital complications in acute coronary syndrome: data from the SWEDEHEART register. J Intern Med 2010;268(1):40–49.
278 Timmer JR, Ottervanger JP, de Boer MJ, Boersma E, Grines CL, Westerhout CM, Simes RJ, Granger CB, Zijlstra F, Primary Coronary Angioplasty vs Thrombolysis-2 Trialists Collaborators Group. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention compared with fibrinolysis for myocardial infarction in diabetes mellitus: results from the Primary Coronary Angioplasty vs Thrombolysis-2 trial. Arch Intern Med 2007;167(13):1353–1359.
279 Alderman EL, Kip KE, Whitlow PL, Bashore T, Fortin D, Bourassa MG, Lesperance J, Schwartz L, Stadius M, Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation. Native coronary disease progression exceeds failed revascularization as cause of angina after five years in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI). J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(4):766–774.
280 James S, Angiolillo DJ, Cornel JH, Erlinge D, Husted S, Kontny F, Maya J, Nicolau JC, Spinar J, Storey RF, Stevens SR, Wallentin L, PLATO Study Group. Ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes and diabetes: a substudy from the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Eur Heart J 2010;31(24):3006–3016.
281 NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, Blair D, Foster D, Dhingra V, Bellomo R, Cook D, Dodek P, Henderson WR, Hebert PC, Heritier S, Heyland DK, McArthur C, McDonald E, Mitchell I, Myburgh JA, Norton R, Potter J, Robinson BG, Ronco JJ. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009;360(13):1283–1297.
282 Senthinathan A, Kelly V, Dzingina M, Jones D, Baker M, Longson D, Guideline Development Group. Hyperglycaemia in acute coronary syndromes: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2011;343:d6646.
283 Fox KA, Dabbous OH, Goldberg RJ, Pieper KS, Eagle KA, Van de Werf F, Avezum A, Goodman SG, Flather MD, Anderson FAJr, Granger CB. Prediction of risk of death and myocardial infarction in the six months after presentation with acute coronary syndrome: prospective multinational observational study (GRACE). BMJ 2006;333(7578):1091.
284 Fox KA, Fitzgerald G, Puymirat E, Huang W, Carruthers K, Simon T, Coste P, Monsegu J, Gabriel Steg P, Danchin N, Anderson F. Should patients with acute coronary disease be stratified for management according to their risk? Derivation, external validation and outcomes using the updated GRACE risk score. BMJ Open 2014;4(2):e004425.
285 van Loon RB, Veen G, Baur LH, Kamp O, Bronzwaer JG, Twisk JW, Verheugt FW, van Rossum AC. Improved clinical outcome after invasive management of patients with recent myocardial infarction and proven myocardial viability: primary results of a randomized controlled trial (VIAMI-trial). Trials 2012;13:1.
286 van Loon RB, Veen G, Baur LH, Twisk JW, van Rossum AC. Long-term follow-up of the viability guided angioplasty after acute myocardial infarction (VIAMI) trial. Int J Cardiol 2015;186:111–116.
287 Neskovic AN, Bojic M, Popovic AD. Detection of significant residual stenosis of the infarct-related artery after thrombolysis by high-dose dipyridamole echocardiography test: is it detected often enough? Clin Cardiol 1997;20(6):569–572.
288 Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM. The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000;343(20):1445–1453.
289 La Canna G, Rahimtoola SH, Visioli O, Giubbini R, Alfieri O, Zognio M, Milan E, Ceconi C, Gargano M, Lo Russo R, Ferrari R. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracies of non-invasive tests, singly and in combination, for diagnosis of hibernating myocardium. Eur Heart J 2000;21(16):1358–1367.
290 Gerber BL, Rousseau MF, Ahn SA, le Polain de Waroux JB, Pouleur AC, Phlips T, Vancraeynest D, Pasquet A, Vanoverschelde JL. Prognostic value of myocardial viability by delayed-enhanced magnetic resonance in patients with coronary artery disease and low ejection fraction: impact of revascularization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59(9):825–835.
291 Shah DJ, Kim HW, James O, Parker M, Wu E, Bonow RO, Judd RM, Kim RJ. Prevalence of regional myocardial thinning and relationship with myocardial scarring in patients with coronary artery disease. JAMA 2013;309(9):909–918.
292 Beanlands RS, Nichol G, Huszti E, Humen D, Racine N, Freeman M, Gulenchyn KY, Garrard L, deKemp R, Guo A, Ruddy TD, Benard F, Lamy A, Iwanochko RM, PARR-2 Investigators. F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging-assisted management of patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction and suspected coronary disease: a randomized, controlled trial (PARR-2). J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50(20):2002–2012.
293 Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39(7):1151–1158.
294 Eitel I, de Waha S, Wohrle J, Fuernau G, Lurz P, Pauschinger M, Desch S, Schuler G, Thiele H. Comprehensive prognosis assessment by CMR imaging after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(12):1217–1226.
295 Neskovic AN, Hagendorff A, Lancellotti P, Guarracino F, Varga A, Cosyns B, Flachskampf FA, Popescu BA, Gargani L, Zamorano JL, Badano LP, European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Emergency echocardiography: the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging recommendations. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;14(1):1–11.
296 Soholm H, Lonborg J, Andersen MJ, Vejlstrup N, Engstrom T, Moller JE, Hassager C. Repeated echocardiography after first ever ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention – is it necessary? Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2015;4(6):528–536.
297 St John Sutton M, Pfeffer MA, Plappert T, Rouleau JL, Moye LA, Dagenais GR, Lamas GA, Klein M, Sussex B, Goldman S, Menapace FJJr, Parker JO, Lewis S, Sestier F, Gordon DF, McEwan P, Bernstein V, Braunwald E, SAVE Investigators. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements are major predictors of adverse cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction. The protective effects of captopril. Circulation 1994;89(1):68–75.
298 Carlos ME, Smart SC, Wynsen JC, Sagar KB. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1997;95(6):1402–1410.
299 Brown KA, Heller GV, Landin RS, Shaw LJ, Beller GA, Pasquale MJ, Haber SB. Early dipyridamole (99m)Tc-sestamibi single photon emission computed tomographic imaging 2 to 4 days after acute myocardial infarction predicts in-hospital and postdischarge cardiac events: comparison with submaximal exercise imaging. Circulation 1999;100(20):2060–2066.
300 Bulluck H, White SK, Frohlich GM, Casson SG, O'Meara C, Newton A, Nicholas J, Weale P, Wan SM, Sirker A, Moon JC, Yellon DM, Groves A, Menezes L, Hausenloy DJ. Quantifying the area at risk in reperfused ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients using hybrid cardiac positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9(3):e003900.
301 Chow CK, Jolly S, Rao-Melacini P, Fox KA, Anand SS, Yusuf S. Association of diet, exercise, and smoking modification with risk of early cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2010;121(6):750–758.
302 Thomson CC, Rigotti NA. Hospital- and clinic-based smoking cessation interventions for smokers with cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003;45(6):459–479.
303 Rigotti NA, Clair C, Munafo MR, Stead LF. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:CD001837.
304 Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review. JAMA 2003;290(1):86–97.
305 Rallidis LS, Pavlakis G. The fundamental importance of smoking cessation in those with premature ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Curr Opin Cardiol 2016;31(5):531–536.
306 Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T. Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;3:CD008286.
307 McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J, Hajek P. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;12:CD010216.
308 Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju Sh N, Wormser D, Gao P, Kaptoge S, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Cairns BJ, Huxley R, Jackson Ch L, Joshy G, Lewington S, Manson JE, Murphy N, Patel AV, Samet JM, Woodward M, Zheng W, Zhou M, Bansal N, Barricarte A, Carter B, Cerhan JR, Smith GD, Fang X, Franco OH, Green J, Halsey J, Hildebrand JS, Jung KJ, Korda RJ, McLerran DF, Moore SC, O'Keeffe LM, Paige E, Ramond A, Reeves GK, Rolland B, Sacerdote C, Sattar N, Sofianopoulou E, Stevens J, Thun M, Ueshima H, Yang L, Yun YD, Willeit P, Banks E, Beral V, Chen Z, Gapstur SM, Gunter MJ, Hartge P, Jee SH, Lam TH, Peto R, Potter JD, Willett WC, Thompson SG, Danesh J, Hu FB. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet 2016;388(10046):776–786.
309 Anderson L, Oldridge N, Thompson DR, Zwisler AD, Rees K, Martin N, Taylor RS. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(1):1–12.
310 Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, Skidmore B, Stone JA, Thompson DR, Oldridge N. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004;116(10):682–692.
311 Dalal HM, Zawada A, Jolly K, Moxham T, Taylor RS. Home based versus centre based cardiac rehabilitation: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010;340:b5631.
312 European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee for Science Guidelines, EACPR, Corra U, Piepoli MF, Carre F, Heuschmann P, Hoffmann U, Verschuren M, Halcox J, Document R, Giannuzzi P, Saner H, Wood D, Piepoli MF, Corra U, Benzer W, Bjarnason-Wehrens B, Dendale P, Gaita D, McGee H, Mendes M, Niebauer J, Zwisler AD, Schmid JP. Secondary prevention through cardiac rehabilitation: physical activity counselling and exercise training: key components of the position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. Eur Heart J 2010;31(16):1967–1974.
313 Dreyer RP, Xu X, Zhang W, Du X, Strait KM, Bierlein M, Bucholz EM, Geda M, Fox J, D'Onofrio G, Lichtman JH, Bueno H, Spertus JA, Krumholz HM. Return to work after acute myocardial infarction: comparison between young women and men. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2016;9(2 Suppl 1):S45–S52.
314 Smith D, Toff W, Joy M, Dowdall N, Johnston R, Clark L, Gibbs S, Boon N, Hackett D, Aps C, Anderson M, Cleland J. Fitness to fly for passengers with cardiovascular disease. Heart 2010;96(Suppl 2):ii1–ii16.
315 SPRINT Research Group, Wright JTJr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, Rocco MV, Reboussin DM, Rahman M, Oparil S, Lewis CE, Kimmel PL, Johnson KC, Goff DCJr, Fine LJ, Cutler JA, Cushman WC, Cheung AK, Ambrosius WT. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015;373(22):2103–2116.
316 Lonn EM, Bosch J, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Zhu J, Liu L, Pais P, Diaz R, Xavier D, Sliwa K, Dans A, Avezum A, Piegas LS, Keltai K, Keltai M, Chazova I, Peters RJ, Held C, Yusoff K, Lewis BS, Jansky P, Parkhomenko A, Khunti K, Toff WD, Reid CM, Varigos J, Leiter LA, Molina DI, McKelvie R, Pogue J, Wilkinson J, Jung H, Dagenais G, Yusuf S, HOPE-3 Investigators. Blood-pressure lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2016;374(21):2009–2020.
317 Simpson SH, Eurich DT, Majumdar SR, Padwal RS, Tsuyuki RT, Varney J, Johnson JA. A meta-analysis of the association between adherence to drug therapy and mortality. BMJ 2006;333(7557):15.
318 Faridi KF, Peterson ED, McCoy LA, Thomas L, Enriquez J, Wang TY. Timing of first postdischarge follow-up and medication adherence after acute myocardial infarction. JAMA Cardiol 2016;1(2):147–155.
319 Naderi SH, Bestwick JP, Wald DS. Adherence to drugs that prevent cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis on 376,162 patients. Am J Med 2012;125(9):882–887 e1.
320 Marcum ZA, Sevick MA, Handler SM. Medication nonadherence: a diagnosable and treatable medical condition. JAMA 2013;309(20):2105–2106.
321 Castellano JM, Sanz G, Fernandez Ortiz A, Garrido E, Bansilal S, Fuster V. A polypill strategy to improve global secondary cardiovascular prevention: from concept to reality. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(6):613–621.
322 Thom S, Poulter N, Field J, Patel A, Prabhakaran D, Stanton A, Grobbee DE, Bots ML, Reddy KS, Cidambi R, Bompoint S, Billot L, Rodgers A, UMPIRE Collaborative Group. Effects of a fixed-dose combination strategy on adherence and risk factors in patients with or at high risk of CVD: the UMPIRE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013;310(9):918–929.
323 Castellano JM, Sanz G, Penalvo JL, Bansilal S, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Alvarez L, Guzman L, Linares JC, Garcia F, D'Aniello F, Arnaiz JA, Varea S, Martinez F, Lorenzatti A, Imaz I, Sanchez-Gomez LM, Roncaglioni MC, Baviera M, Smith SCJr, Taubert K, Pocock S, Brotons C, Farkouh ME, Fuster V. A polypill strategy to improve adherence: results from the FOCUS project. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(20):2071–2082.
324 Nieuwlaat R, Wilczynski N, Navarro T, Hobson N, Jeffery R, Keepanasseril A, Agoritsas T, Mistry N, Iorio A, Jack S, Sivaramalingam B, Iserman E, Mustafa RA, Jedraszewski D, Cotoi C, Haynes RB. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;11:CD000011.
325 Cahill K, Stevens S, Perera R, Lancaster T. Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:CD009329.
326 Hughes JR, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;1:CD000031.
327 Cahill K, Stead LF, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;4:CD006103.
328 Anderson L, Taylor RS. Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;12:CD011273.
329 Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Buring J, Hennekens C, Kearney P, Meade T, Patrono C, Roncaglioni MC, Zanchetti A. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 2009;373(9678):1849–1860.
330 CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, Chrolavicius S, Diaz R, Eikelboom JW, Fox KA, Granger CB, Jolly S, Joyner CD, Rupprecht HJ, Widimsky P, Afzal R, Pogue J, Yusuf S. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2010;363(10):930–942.
331 Valgimigli M, Ariotti S, Costa F. Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation: will we ever reach a consensus? Eur Heart J 2015;36(20):1219–1222.
332 Costa F, Tijssen JG, Ariotti S, Giatti S, Moscarella E, Guastaroba P, De Palma R, Ando G, Oreto G, Zijlstra F, Valgimigli M. Incremental value of the CRUSADE, ACUITY, and HAS-BLED risk scores for the prediction of hemorrhagic events after coronary stent implantation in patients undergoing long or short duration of dual antiplatelet therapy. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4(12):e002524.
333 Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, Steg PG, Storey RF, Jensen EC, Magnani G, Bansilal S, Fish MP, Im K, Bengtsson O, Oude Ophuis T, Budaj A, Theroux P, Ruda M, Hamm C, Goto S, Spinar J, Nicolau JC, Kiss RG, Murphy SA, Wiviott SD, Held P, Braunwald E, Sabatine MS, PEGASUS-TIMI 54 Steering Committee and Investigators. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2015;372(19):1791–1800.
334 Mauri L, Kereiakes DJ, Yeh RW, Driscoll-Shempp P, Cutlip DE, Steg PG, Normand SL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, Cohen DJ, Holmes DRJr, Krucoff MW, Hermiller J, Dauerman HL, Simon DI, Kandzari DE, Garratt KN, Lee DP, Pow TK, Ver Lee P, Rinaldi MJ, Massaro JM, DAPT Study Investigators. Twelve or 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med 2014;371(23):2155–2166.
335 Agewall S, Cattaneo M, Collet JP, Andreotti F, Lip GY, Verheugt FW, Huber K, Grove EL, Morais J, Husted S, Wassmann S, Rosano G, Atar D, Pathak A, Kjeldsen K, Storey RF, ESC Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy and ESC Working Group on Thrombosis. Expert position paper on the use of proton pump inhibitors in patients with cardiovascular disease and antithrombotic therapy. Eur Heart J 2013;34(23):1708–1713, 1713a–1713b.
336 Bhatt DL, Cryer BL, Contant CF, Cohen M, Lanas A, Schnitzer TJ, Shook TL, Lapuerta P, Goldsmith MA, Laine L, Scirica BM, Murphy SA, Cannon CP, COGENT Investigators. Clopidogrel with or without omeprazole in coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363(20):1909–1917.
337 Gargiulo G, Costa F, Ariotti S, Biscaglia S, Campo G, Esposito G, Leonardi S, Vranckx P, Windecker S, Valgimigli M. Impact of proton pump inhibitors on clinical outcomes in patients treated with a 6- or 24-month dual-antiplatelet therapy duration: Insights from the PROlonging Dual-antiplatelet treatment after Grading stent-induced Intimal hyperplasia studY trial. Am Heart J 2016;174:95–102.
338 Mega JL, Braunwald E, Wiviott SD, Bassand JP, Bhatt DL, Bode C, Burton P, Cohen M, Cook-Bruns N, Fox KA, Goto S, Murphy SA, Plotnikov AN, Schneider D, Sun X, Verheugt FW, Gibson CM, ATLAS ACS 2–TIMI 51 Investigators. Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;366(1):9–19.
339 Palmerini T, Sangiorgi D, Valgimigli M, Biondi-Zoccai G, Feres F, Abizaid A, Costa RA, Hong MK, Kim BK, Jang Y, Kim HS, Park KW, Mariani A, Della Riva D, Genereux P, Leon MB, Bhatt DL, Bendetto U, Rapezzi C, Stone GW. Short- versus long-term dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation: an individual patient data pairwise and network meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;65(11):1092–1102.
340 Palmerini T, Della Riva D, Benedetto U, Bacchi Reggiani L, Feres F, Abizaid A, Gilard M, Morice MC, Valgimigli M, Hong MK, Kim BK, Jang Y, Kim HS, Park KW, Colombo A, Chieffo A, Sangiorgi D, Biondi-Zoccai G, Genereux P, Angelini GD, Pufulete M, White J, Bhatt DL, Stone GW. Three, six, or twelve months of dual antiplatelet therapy after DES implantation in patients with or without acute coronary syndromes: an individual patient data pairwise and network meta-analysis of six randomized trials and 11 473 patients. Eur Heart J 2017;38(14):1034–1043.
341 Reeder GS, Lengyel M, Tajik AJ, Seward JB, Smith HC, Danielson GK. Mural thrombus in left ventricular aneurysm: incidence, role of angiography, and relation between anticoagulation and embolization. Mayo Clin Proc 1981;56(2):77–81.
342 Keeley EC, Hillis LD. Left ventricular mural thrombus after acute myocardial infarction. Clinical Cardiology 1996;19(2):83–86.
343 Turpie AG, Robinson JG, Doyle DJ, Mulji AS, Mishkel GJ, Sealey BJ, Cairns JA, Skingley L, Hirsh J, Gent M. Comparison of high-dose with low-dose subcutaneous heparin to prevent left ventricular mural thrombosis in patients with acute transmural anterior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989;320(6):352–357.
344 Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, Xie JX, Liu LS, COMMIT Collaborative Group. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366(9497):1622–1632.
345 Pfisterer M, Cox JL, Granger CB, Brener SJ, Naylor CD, Califf RM, van de Werf F, Stebbins AL, Lee KL, Topol EJ, Armstrong PW. Atenolol use and clinical outcomes after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-I experience. Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA (alteplase) for Occluded Coronary Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32(3):634–640.
346 Chatterjee S, Chaudhuri D, Vedanthan R, Fuster V, Ibanez B, Bangalore S, Mukherjee D. Early intravenous beta-blockers in patients with acute coronary syndrome—a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Int J Cardiol 2013;168(2):915–921.
347 Ibanez B, Macaya C, Sanchez-Brunete V, Pizarro G, Fernandez-Friera L, Mateos A, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Garcia-Alvarez A, Iniguez A, Jimenez-Borreguero J, Lopez-Romero P, Fernandez-Jimenez R, Goicolea J, Ruiz-Mateos B, Bastante T, Arias M, Iglesias-Vazquez JA, Rodriguez MD, Escalera N, Acebal C, Cabrera JA, Valenciano J, Perez de Prado A, Fernandez-Campos MJ, Casado I, Garcia-Rubira JC, Garcia-Prieto J, Sanz-Rosa D, Cuellas C, Hernandez-Antolin R, Albarran A, Fernandez-Vazquez F, de la Torre-Hernandez JM, Pocock S, Sanz G, Fuster V. Effect of early metoprolol on infarct size in ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection During an Acute Myocardial Infarction (METOCARD-CNIC) trial. Circulation 2013;128(14):1495–1503.
348 Pizarro G, Fernandez-Friera L, Fuster V, Fernandez-Jimenez R, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Garcia-Alvarez A, Mateos A, Barreiro MV, Escalera N, Rodriguez MD, de Miguel A, Garcia-Lunar I, Parra-Fuertes JJ, Sanchez-Gonzalez J, Pardillos L, Nieto B, Jimenez A, Abejon R, Bastante T, Martinez de Vega V, Cabrera JA, Lopez-Melgar B, Guzman G, Garcia-Prieto J, Mirelis JG, Zamorano JL, Albarran A, Goicolea J, Escaned J, Pocock S, Iniguez A, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Sanchez-Brunete V, Macaya C, Ibanez B. Long-term benefit of early pre-reperfusion metoprolol administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the METOCARD-CNIC trial (Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection During an Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63(22):2356–2362.
349 Garcia-Prieto J, Villena-Gutierrez R, Gomez M, Bernardo E, Pun-Garcia A, Garcia-Lunar I, Crainiciuc G, Fernandez-Jimenez R, Sreeramkumar V, Bourio-Martinez R, Garcia-Ruiz JM, Del Valle AS, Sanz-Rosa D, Pizarro G, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Hidalgo A, Fuster V, Ibanez B. Neutrophil stunning by metoprolol reduces infarct size. Nat Commun 2017;8:14780.
350 Roolvink V, Ibanez B, Ottervanger JP, Pizarro G, van Royen N, Mateos A, Dambrink JH, Escalera N, Lipsic E, Albarran A, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Fernandez-Aviles F, Goicolea J, Botas J, Remkes W, Hernandez-Jaras V, Kedhi E, Zamorano JL, Navarro F, Alfonso F, Garcia-Lledo A, Alonso J, van Leeuwen M, Nijveldt R, Postma S, Kolkman E, Gosselink M, de Smet B, Rasoul S, Piek JJ, Fuster V, van 't Hof AW, EARLY-BAMI Investigators. Early intravenous beta-blockers in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction before primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(23):2705–2715.
351 Halkin A, Grines CL, Cox DA, Garcia E, Mehran R, Tcheng JE, Griffin JJ, Guagliumi G, Brodie B, Turco M, Rutherford BD, Aymong E, Lansky AJ, Stone GW. Impact of intravenous beta-blockade before primary angioplasty on survival in patients undergoing mechanical reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43(10):1780–1787.
352 Harjai KJ, Stone GW, Boura J, Grines L, Garcia E, Brodie B, Cox D, O'Neill WW, Grines C. Effects of prior beta-blocker therapy on clinical outcomes after primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2003;91(6):655–660.
353 Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, Mason J, Harrison J. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ 1999;318(7200):1730–1737.
354 Goldberger JJ, Bonow RO, Cuffe M, Liu L, Rosenberg Y, Shah PK, Smith SCJr, Subacius H, OBTAIN Investigators. Effect of beta-blocker dose on survival after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66(13):1431–1441.
355 Andersson C, Shilane D, Go AS, Chang TI, Kazi D, Solomon MD, Boothroyd DB, Hlatky MA. Beta-blocker therapy and cardiac events among patients with newly diagnosed coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(3):247–252.
356 Bangalore S, Steg G, Deedwania P, Crowley K, Eagle KA, Goto S, Ohman EM, Cannon CP, Smith SC, Zeymer U, Hoffman EB, Messerli FH, Bhatt DL, REACH Registry Investigators. Beta-blocker use and clinical outcomes in stable outpatients with and without coronary artery disease. JAMA 2012;308(13):1340–1349.
357 Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357(9266):1385–1390.
358 The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353(9146):9–13.
359 Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Castaigne A, Roecker EB, Schultz MK, DeMets DL, Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;344(22):1651–1658.
360 Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353(9169):2001–2007.
361 Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Parkhomenko A, Borbola J, Cohen Solal A, Dumitrascu D, Ferrari R, Lechat P, Soler-Soler J, Tavazzi L, Spinarova L, Toman J, Bohm M, Anker SD, Thompson SG, Poole Wilson PA, SENIORS Investigators. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 2005;26(3):215–225.
362 Bugiardini R, Cenko E, Ricci B, Vasiljevic Z, Dorobantu M, Kedev S, Vavlukis M, Kalpak O, Puddu PE, Gustiene O, Trninic D, Knezevic B, Milicic D, Gale CP, Manfrini O, Koller A, Badimon L. Comparison of early versus delayed oral beta blockers in acute coronary syndromes and effect on outcomes. Am J Cardiol 2016;117(5):760–767.
363 Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, Kirby A, Sourjina T, Peto R, Collins R, Simes R, Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366(9493):1267–1278.
364 Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Rader DJ, Rouleau JL, Belder R, Joyal SV, Hill KA, Pfeffer MA, Skene AM, Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 Investigators. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350(15):1495–1504.
365 Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, Zeiher A, Chaitman BR, Leslie S, Stern T, Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285(13):1711–1718.
366 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland LE, Reith C, Bhala N, Peto R, Barnes EH, Keech A, Simes J, Collins R. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376(9753):1670–1681.
367 Boekholdt SM, Hovingh GK, Mora S, Arsenault BJ, Amarenco P, Pedersen TR, LaRosa JC, Waters DD, DeMicco DA, Simes RJ, Keech AC, Colquhoun D, Hitman GA, Betteridge DJ, Clearfield MB, Downs JR, Colhoun HM, Gotto AMJr, Ridker PM, Grundy SM, Kastelein JJ. Very low levels of atherogenic lipoproteins and the risk for cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of statin trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;64(5):485–494.
368 LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, Shear C, Barter P, Fruchart JC, Gotto AM, Greten H, Kastelein JJ, Shepherd J, Wenger NK, Treating to New Targets Investigators. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352(14):1425–1435.
369 Cholesterol Treatment Trialists C, Fulcher J, O'Connell R, Voysey M, Emberson J, Blackwell L, Mihaylova B, Simes J, Collins R, Kirby A, Colhoun H, Braunwald E, La Rosa J, Pedersen TR, Tonkin A, Davis B, Sleight P, Franzosi MG, Baigent C, Keech A. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2015;385(9976):1397–1405.
370 Shrivastava AK, Singh HV, Raizada A, Singh SK. Serial measurement of lipid profile and inflammatory markers in patients with acute myocardial infarction. EXCLI J 2015;14:517–526.
371 Pitt B, Loscalzo J, Ycas J, Raichlen JS. Lipid levels after acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51(15):1440–1445.
372 Sidhu D, Naugler C. Fasting time and lipid levels in a community-based population: a cross-sectional study. Arch Intern Med 2012;172(22):1707–1710.
373 Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: New restrictions, contraindications, and dose limitations for Zocor (simvastatin) to reduce the risk of muscle injury. http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm256581.htm, accessed July 26, 2017.
374 Pedersen TR, Cater NB, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Tikkanen MJ, Holme I, Larsen ML, Lindahl C, Szarek M. Comparison of atorvastatin 80 mg/day versus simvastatin 20 to 40 mg/day on frequency of cardiovascular events late (five years) after acute myocardial infarction (from the Incremental Decrease in End Points through Aggressive Lipid Lowering [IDEAL] trial). Am J Cardiol 2010;106(3):354–359.
375 Tikkanen MJ, Szarek M, Fayyad R, Holme I, Cater NB, Faergeman O, Kastelein JJ, Olsson AG, Larsen ML, Lindahl C, Pedersen TR, IDEAL Investigators. Total cardiovascular disease burden: comparing intensive with moderate statin therapy insights from the IDEAL (Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;54(25):2353–2357.
376 Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, McCagg A, White JA, Theroux P, Darius H, Lewis BS, Ophuis TO, Jukema JW, De Ferrari GM, Ruzyllo W, De Lucca P, Im K, Bohula EA, Reist C, Wiviott SD, Tershakovec AM, Musliner TA, Braunwald E, Califf RM, IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;372(25):2387–2397.
377 Li C, Lin L, Zhang W, Zhou L, Wang H, Luo X, Luo H, Cai Y, Zeng C. Efficiency and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 monoclonal antibody on hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of 20 randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4(6):e001937.
378 Zhang XL, Zhu QQ, Zhu L, Chen JZ, Chen QH, Li GN, Xie J, Kang LN, Xu B. Safety and efficacy of anti-PCSK9 antibodies: a meta-analysis of 25 randomized, controlled trials. BMC Med 2015;13:123.
379 Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Wiviott SD, Raal FJ, Blom DJ, Robinson J, Ballantyne CM, Somaratne R, Legg J, Wasserman SM, Scott R, Koren MJ, Stein EA, Open-Label Study of Long-Term Evaluation against LDL Cholesterol (OSLER) Investigators. Efficacy and safety of evolocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2015;372(16):1500–1509.
380 Robinson JG, Farnier M, Krempf M, Bergeron J, Luc G, Averna M, Stroes ES, Langslet G, Raal FJ, El Shahawy M, Koren MJ, Lepor NE, Lorenzato C, Pordy R, Chaudhari U, Kastelein JJ, ODYSSEY LONG TERM Investigators. Efficacy and safety of alirocumab in reducing lipids and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2015;372(16):1489–1499.
381 Navarese EP, Kolodziejczak M, Schulze V, Gurbel PA, Tantry U, Lin Y, Brockmeyer M, Kandzari DE, Kubica JM, D'Agostino RBSr., Kubica J, Volpe M, Agewall S, Kereiakes DJ, Kelm M. Effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies in adults with hypercholesterolemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2015;163(1):40–51.
382 Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, Honarpour N, Wiviott SD, Murphy SA, Kuder JF, Wang H, Liu T, Wasserman SM, Sever PS, Pedersen TR, FOURIER Steering Committee and Investigators. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2017;376(18):1713–1722.
383 ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1995;345(8951):669–685.
384 Yusuf S, Held P, Furberg C. Update of effects of calcium antagonists in myocardial infarction or angina in light of the second Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT-II) and other recent studies. Am J Cardiol 1991;67(15):1295–1297.
385 Held PH, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Calcium channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview. BMJ 1989;299(6709):1187–1192.
386 Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II--DAVIT II). Am J Cardiol 1990;66(10):779–785.
387 Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Nifedipine. Dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1995;92(5):1326–1331.
388 Poole-Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, van Dalen FJ, Wagener G, Danchin N, Just H, Fox KA, Pocock SJ, Clayton TC, Motro M, Parker JD, Bourassa MG, Dart AM, Hildebrandt P, Hjalmarson A, Kragten JA, Molhoek GP, Otterstad JE, Seabra-Gomes R, Soler-Soler J, Weber S, Coronary Disease Trial Investigating Outcome with Nifedipine Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System Investigators. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9437):849–857.
389 Pfeffer MA, Greaves SC, Arnold JM, Glynn RJ, LaMotte FS, Lee RT, Menapace FJJr, Rapaport E, Ridker PM, Rouleau JL, Solomon SD, Hennekens CH. Early versus delayed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition therapy in acute myocardial infarction. The healing and early afterload reducing therapy trial. Circulation 1997;95(12):2643–2651.
390 Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen JE, Bagger H, Eliasen P, Lyngborg K, Videbaek J, Cole DS, Auclert L, Pauly NC. A clinical trial of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333(25):1670–1676.
391 Ball SG, Hall AS, Murray GD. ACE inhibition, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction—the AIRE Study in practice. Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy Study. Eur Heart J 1994;15(Suppl B):20–5; discussion 26–30.
392 Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, Basta L, Brown EJJr, Cuddy TE, Davis BR, Geltman EM, Goldman S, Flaker GC, Klein M, Lamas GA, Packer M, Rouleau J, Rouleau JL, Rutherford J, Wertheimer JH, Hawkins CM, SAVE Investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327(10):669–677.
393 ACE Inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. Indications for ACE inhibitors in the early treatment of acute myocardial infarction: systematic overview of individual data from 100,000 patients in randomized trials. Circulation 1998;97(22):2202–2212.
394 Fox KM, EURopean trial On reduction of cardiac events with Perindopril in stable coronary Artery disease Investigators. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362(9386):782–788.
395 Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342(3):145–153.
396 Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, Rouleau JL, Kober L, Maggioni AP, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Van de Werf F, White H, Leimberger JD, Henis M, Edwards S, Zelenkofske S, Sellers MA, Califf RM, Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med 2003;349(20):1893–1906.
397 Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, Neaton J, Martinez F, Roniker B, Bittman R, Hurley S, Kleiman J, Gatlin M, Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003;348(14):1309–1321.
398 Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341(10):709–717.
399 Zannad F, McMurray JJ, Krum H, van Veldhuisen DJ, Swedberg K, Shi H, Vincent J, Pocock SJ, Pitt B, EMPHASIS-HF Study Group. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med 2011;364(1):11–21.
400 Girerd N, Collier T, Pocock S, Krum H, McMurray JJ, Swedberg K, Van Veldhuisen DJ, Vincent J, Pitt B, Zannad F. Clinical benefits of eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms when initiated shortly after hospital discharge: analysis from the EMPHASIS-HF trial. Eur Heart J 2015;36(34):2310–2317.
401 Montalescot G, Pitt B, Lopez de Sa E, Hamm CW, Flather M, Verheugt F, Shi H, Turgonyi E, Orri M, Vincent J, Zannad F, REMINDER Investigators. Early eplerenone treatment in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction without heart failure: the Randomized Double-Blind Reminder Study. Eur Heart J 2014;35(34):2295–2302.
402 Beygui F, Cayla G, Roule V, Roubille F, Delarche N, Silvain J, Van Belle E, Belle L, Galinier M, Motreff P, Cornillet L, Collet JP, Furber A, Goldstein P, Ecollan P, Legallois D, Lebon A, Rousseau H, Machecourt J, Zannad F, Vicaut E, Montalescot G, ALBATROSS Investigators. Early aldosterone blockade in acute myocardial infarction: the ALBATROSS Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(16):1917–1927.
403 Garcia-Ruiz JM, Fernandez-Jimenez R, Garcia-Alvarez A, Pizarro G, Galan-Arriola C, Fernandez-Friera L, Mateos A, Nuno-Ayala M, Aguero J, Sanchez-Gonzalez J, Garcia-Prieto J, Lopez-Melgar B, Martinez-Tenorio P, Lopez-Martin GJ, Macias A, Perez-Asenjo B, Cabrera JA, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Fuster V, Ibanez B. Impact of the timing of metoprolol administration during STEMI on infarct size and ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67(18):2093–2104.
404 Bangalore S, Makani H, Radford M, Thakur K, Toklu B, Katz SD, DiNicolantonio JJ, Devereaux PJ, Alexander KP, Wetterslev J, Messerli FH. Clinical outcomes with beta-blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 2014;127(10):939–53.
405 Huang BT, Huang FY, Zuo ZL, Liao YB, Heng Y, Wang PJ, Gui YY, Xia TL, Xin ZM, Liu W, Zhang C, Chen SJ, Pu XB, Chen M, Huang DJ. Meta-analysis of relation between oral beta-blocker therapy and outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2015;115(11):1529–1538.
406 Authors/Task Force Members, Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, Hoes AW, Jennings CS, Landmesser U, Pedersen TR, Reiner Z, Riccardi G, Taskinen MR, Tokgozoglu L, Verschuren WM, Vlachopoulos C, Wood DA, Zamorano JL. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: The Task Force for the Management of Dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS) Developed with the special contribution of the European Assocciation for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Atherosclerosis 2016;253:281–344.
407 Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, Optimaal Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 2002;360(9335):752–760.
408 Iakobishvili Z, Cohen E, Garty M, Behar S, Shotan A, Sandach A, Gottlieb S, Mager A, Battler A, Hasdai D, Heart Failure Survey in Isarel Investigators. Use of intravenous morphine for acute decompensated heart failure in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. Acute Card Care 2011;13(2):76–80.
409 Peacock WF, Hollander JE, Diercks DB, Lopatin M, Fonarow G, Emerman CL. Morphine and outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure: an ADHERE analysis. Emerg Med J 2008;25(4):205–209.
410 Weng CL, Zhao YT, Liu QH, Fu CJ, Sun F, Ma YL, Chen YW, He QY. Meta-analysis: noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Ann Intern Med 2010;152(9):590–600.
411 Vital FM, Ladeira MT, Atallah AN. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (CPAP or bilevel NPPV) for cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;5:CD005351.
412 McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, McMurray JJ. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(4):810–819.
413 The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 1993;342(8875):821–828.
414 Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, Wedel H, Waagstein F, Kjekshus J, Wikstrand J, El Allaf D, Vitovec J, Aldershvile J, Halinen M, Dietz R, Neuhaus KL, Janosi A, Thorgeirsson G, Dunselman PH, Gullestad L, Kuch J, Herlitz J, Rickenbacher P, Ball S, Gottlieb S, Deedwania P. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalizations, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). MERIT-HF Study Group. JAMA 2000;283(10):1295–1302.
415 Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996;334(21):1349–1355.
416 Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, Coats AJ, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, Rouleau JL, Tendera M, Staiger C, Holcslaw TL, Amann-Zalan I, DeMets DL, Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation 2002;106(17):2194–2199.
417 Gray AJ, Goodacre S, Newby DE, Masson MA, Sampson F, Dixon S, Crane S, Elliott M, Nicholl J, 3CPO Study Investigators. A multicentre randomised controlled trial of the use of continuous positive airway pressure and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in the early treatment of patients presenting to the emergency department with severe acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema: the 3CPO trial. Health Technol Assess 2009;13(33):1–106.
418 Park M, Sangean MC, Volpe Mde S, Feltrim MI, Nozawa E, Leite PF, Passos Amato MB, Lorenzi-Filho G. Randomized, prospective trial of oxygen, continuous positive airway pressure, and bilevel positive airway pressure by face mask in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Crit Care Med 2004;32(12):2407–2415.
419 Gray A, Goodacre S, Newby DE, Masson M, Sampson F, Nicholl J, 3CPO Trialists. Noninvasive ventilation in acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 2008;359(2):142–51.
420 Harjola VP, Mebazaa A, Celutkiene J, Bettex D, Bueno H, Chioncel O, Crespo-Leiro MG, Falk V, Filippatos G, Gibbs S, Leite-Moreira A, Lassus J, Masip J, Mueller C, Mullens W, Naeije R, Nordegraaf AV, Parissis J, Riley JP, Ristic A, Rosano G, Rudiger A, Ruschitzka F, Seferovic P, Sztrymf B, Vieillard-Baron A, Yilmaz MB, Konstantinides S. Contemporary management of acute right ventricular failure: a statement from the Heart Failure Association and the Working Group on Pulmonary Circulation and Right Ventricular Function of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2016;18(3):226–241.
421 Goldberg RJ, Spencer FA, Gore JM, Lessard D, Yarzebski J. Thirty-year trends (1975 to 2005) in the magnitude of, management of, and hospital death rates associated with cardiogenic shock in patients with acute myocardial infarction a population-based perspective. Circulation 2009;119(9):1211–1219.
422 Picard MH, Davidoff R, Sleeper LA, Mendes LA, Thompson CR, Dzavik V, Steingart R, Gin K, White HD, Hochman JS, SHOCK Trial. Echocardiographic predictors of survival and response to early revascularization in cardiogenic shock. Circulation 2003;107(2):279–284.
423 Engstrom AE, Vis MM, Bouma BJ, van den Brink RBA, Baan J, Claessen B, Kikkert WJ, Sjauw KD, Meuwissen M, Koch KT, de Winter RJ, Tijssen JGP, Piek JJ, Henriques JPS. Right ventricular dysfunction is an independent predictor for mortality in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients presenting with cardiogenic shock on admission. Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12(3):276–282.
424 Jeger RV, Lowe AM, Buller CE, Pfisterer ME, Dzavik V, Webb JG, Hochman JS, Jorde UP, SHOCK Investigators. Hemodynamic parameters are prognostically important in cardiogenic shock but similar following early revascularization or initial medical stabilization: a report from the SHOCK trial. Chest 2007;132(6):1794–1803.
425 Hochman JS, Alexander JH, Reynolds HR, Stebbins AL, Dzavik V, Harrington RA, de Werf FV, TRIUMPH Investigators. Effect of tilarginine acetate in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock: the TRIUMPH randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297(15):1657–1666.
426 Lancellotti P, Price S, Edvardsen T, Cosyns B, Neskovic AN, Dulgheru R, Flachskampf FA, Hassager C, Pasquet A, Gargani L, Galderisi M, Cardim N, Haugaa KH, Ancion A, Zamorano JL, Donal E, Bueno H, Habib G. The use of echocardiography in acute cardiovascular care: Recommendations of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2015;4(1):3–5.
427 Hussain F, Philipp RK, Ducas RA, Elliott J, Dzavik V, Jassal DS, Tam JW, Roberts D, Garber PJ, Ducas J. The ability to achieve complete revascularization is associated with improved in-hospital survival in cardiogenic shock due to myocardial infarction: Manitoba cardiogenic SHOCK Registry investigators. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011;78(4):540–548.
428 De Backer D, Biston P, Devriendt J, Madl C, Chochrad D, Aldecoa C, Brasseur A, Defrance P, Gottignies P, Vincent JL, SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010;362(9):779–789.
429 Ouweneel DM, Eriksen E, Sjauw KD, van Dongen IM, Hirsch A, Packer EJ, Vis MM, Wykrzykowska JJ, Koch KT, Baan J, de Winter RJ, Piek JJ, Lagrand WK, de Mol BA, Tijssen JG, Henriques JP. Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support versus intra-aortic balloon pump in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69(3):278–287.
430 Cheng JM, den Uil CA, Hoeks SE, van der Ent M, Jewbali LS, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW. Percutaneous left ventricular assist devices vs. intra-aortic balloon pump counterpulsation for treatment of cardiogenic shock: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Eur Heart J 2009;30(17):2102–2108.
431 Starling RC, Naka Y, Boyle AJ, Gonzalez-Stawinski G, John R, Jorde U, Russell SD, Conte JV, Aaronson KD, McGee EC, Cotts WG, DeNofrio D, Duc TP, Farrar DJ, Pagani FD. Results of the post-US Food and Drug Administration-approval study with a continuous flow left ventricular assist device as a bridge to heart transplantation. A prospective study using the INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support). J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57(19):1890–1898.
432 Sheu JJ, Tsai TH, Lee FY, Fang HY, Sun CK, Leu S, Yang CH, Chen SM, Hang CL, Hsieh YK, Chen CJ, Wu CJ, Yip HK. Early extracorporeal membrane oxygenator-assisted primary percutaneous coronary intervention improved 30-day clinical outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated with profound cardiogenic shock. Crit Care Med 2010;38(9):1810–1817.
433 Shah MR, Hasselblad V, Stevenson LW, Binanay C, O'Connor CM, Sopko G, Califf RM. Impact of the pulmonary artery catheter in critically ill patients: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 2005;294(13):1664–1670.
434 Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Givertz MM, O'Connor CM, Bull DA, Redfield MM, Deswal A, Rouleau JL, LeWinter MM, Ofili EO, Stevenson LW, Semigran MJ, Felker GM, Chen HH, Hernandez AF, Anstrom KJ, McNulty SE, Velazquez EJ, Ibarra JC, Mascette AM, Braunwald E, Heart Failure Clinical Research Network. Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012;367(24):2296–2304.
435 Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, Jessup ML, Bart BA, Teerlink JR, Jaski BE, Fang JC, Feller ED, Haas GJ, Anderson AS, Schollmeyer MP, Sobotka PA, UNLOAD Trial Investigators. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49(6):675–683.
436 Costanzo MR, Saltzberg MT, Jessup M, Teerlink JR, Sobotka PA, Ultrafiltration Versus Intravenous Diuretics for Patients Hospitalized for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (UNLOAD) Investigators. Ultrafiltration is associated with fewer rehospitalizations than continuous diuretic infusion in patients with decompensated heart failure: results from UNLOAD. J Card Fail 2010;16(4):277–284.
437 Buerke M, Prondzinsky R, Lemm H, Dietz S, Buerke U, Ebelt H, Bushnaq H, Silber RE, Werdan K. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in the treatment of infarction-related cardiogenic shock—review of the current evidence. Artif Organs 2012;36(6):505–511.
438 Gorenek B, Blomstrom Lundqvist C, Brugada Terradellas J, Camm AJ, Hindricks G, Huber K, Kirchhof P, Kuck KH, Kudaiberdieva G, Lin T, Raviele A, Santini M, Tilz RR, Valgimigli M, Vos MA, Vrints C, Zeymer U, Lip GY, Potpara T, Fauchier L, Sticherling C, Roffi M, Widimsky P, Mehilli J, Lettino M, Schiele F, Sinnaeve P, Boriani G, Lane D, Savelieva I, European Heart Rhythm Association, Acute Cardiovascular Care Association, European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions. Cardiac arrhythmias in acute coronary syndromes: position paper from the joint EHRA, ACCA, and EAPCI task force. Europace 2014;16(11):1655–1673.
439 Piccini JP, Schulte PJ, Pieper KS, Mehta RH, White HD, Van de Werf F, Ardissino D, Califf RM, Granger CB, Ohman EM, Alexander JH. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy for sustained ventricular arrhythmias complicating acute myocardial infarction. Crit Care Med 2011;39(1):78–83.
440 Piers SR, Wijnmaalen AP, Borleffs CJ, van Huls van Taxis CF, Thijssen J, van Rees JB, Cannegieter SC, Bax JJ, Schalij MJ, Zeppenfeld K. Early reperfusion therapy affects inducibility, cycle length, and occurrence of ventricular tachycardia late after myocardial infarction. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011;4(2):195–201.
441 Nalliah CJ, Zaman S, Narayan A, Sullivan J, Kovoor P. Coronary artery reperfusion for ST elevation myocardial infarction is associated with shorter cycle length ventricular tachycardia and fewer spontaneous arrhythmias. Europace 2014;16(7):1053–1060.
442 Liang JJ, Fender EA, Cha YM, Lennon RJ, Prasad A, Barsness GW. Long-term outcomes in survivors of early ventricular arrhythmias after acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2016;117(5):709–713.
443 Danchin N, Fauchier L, Marijon E, Barnay C, Furber A, Mabo P, Bernard P, Blanc JJ, Jouven X, Le Heuzey JY, Charbonnier B, Ferrieres J, Simon T, French registry of Acute ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI) Investigators. Impact of early statin therapy on development of atrial fibrillation at the acute stage of myocardial infarction: data from the FAST-MI register. Heart 2010;96(22):1809–1814.
444 Schmitt J, Duray G, Gersh BJ, Hohnloser SH. Atrial fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic review of the incidence, clinical features and prognostic implications. Eur Heart J 2009;30(9):1038–1045.
445 Batra G, Svennblad B, Held C, Jernberg T, Johanson P, Wallentin L, Oldgren J. All types of atrial fibrillation in the setting of myocardial infarction are associated with impaired outcome. Heart 2016;102(12):926–933.
446 Nilsson KRJr, Al-Khatib SM, Zhou Y, Pieper K, White HD, Maggioni AP, Kober L, Granger CB, Lewis EF, McMurray JJ, Califf RM, Velazquez EJ. Atrial fibrillation management strategies and early mortality after myocardial infarction: results from the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction (VALIANT) Trial. Heart 2010;96(11):838–842.
447 Jabre P, Jouven X, Adnet F, Thabut G, Bielinski SJ, Weston SA, Roger VL. Atrial fibrillation and death after myocardial infarction: a community study. Circulation 2011;123(19):2094–100.
448 Siu CW, Jim MH, Ho HH, Miu R, Lee SW, Lau CP, Tse HF. Transient atrial fibrillation complicating acute inferior myocardial infarction: implications for future risk of ischemic stroke. Chest 2007;132(1):44–49.
449 Segal JB, McNamara RL, Miller MR, Kim N, Goodman SN, Powe NR, Robinson K, Yu D, Bass EB. The evidence regarding the drugs used for ventricular rate control. J Fam Pract 2000;49(1):47–59.
450 Hou ZY, Chang MS, Chen CY, Tu MS, Lin SL, Chiang HT, Woosley RL. Acute treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation and flutter with a tailored dosing regimen of intravenous amiodarone. A randomized, digoxin-controlled study. Eur Heart J 1995;16(4):521–528.
451 Metawee M, Charnigo R, Morales G, Darrat Y, Sorrell V, Di Biase L, Natale A, Delisle B, Elayi CS; Magic Investigators. Digoxin and short term mortality after acute STEMI: results from the MAGIC trial. Int J Cardiol 2016;218:176–180.
452 Jordaens L, Trouerbach J, Calle P, Tavernier R, Derycke E, Vertongen P, Bergez B, Vandekerckhove Y. Conversion of atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm and rate control by digoxin in comparison to placebo. Eur Heart J 1997;18(4):643–648.
453 Thomas SP, Guy D, Wallace E, Crampton R, Kijvanit P, Eipper V, Ross DL, Cooper MJ. Rapid loading of sotalol or amiodarone for management of recent onset symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized, digoxin-controlled trial. Am Heart J 2004;147(1):E3.
454 Piccini JP, Hranitzky PM, Kilaru R, Rouleau JL, White HD, Aylward PE, Van de Werf F, Solomon SD, Califf RM, Velazquez EJ. Relation of mortality to failure to prescribe beta blockers acutely in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation following acute myocardial infarction (from the VALsartan In Acute myocardial iNfarcTion trial [VALIANT] Registry). Am J Cardiol 2008;102(11):1427–1432.
455 Zafari AM, Zarter SK, Heggen V, Wilson P, Taylor RA, Reddy K, Backscheider AG, Dudley SCJr. A program encouraging early defibrillation results in improved in-hospital resuscitation efficacy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(4):846–852.
456 Wolfe CL, Nibley C, Bhandari A, Chatterjee K, Scheinman M. Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia associated with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1991;84(4):1543–1551.
457 Mehta RH, Yu J, Piccini JP, Tcheng JE, Farkouh ME, Reiffel J, Fahy M, Mehran R, Stone GW. Prognostic significance of postprocedural sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (from the HORIZONS-AMI Trial). Am J Cardiol 2012;109(6):805–812.
458 Masuda M, Nakatani D, Hikoso S, Suna S, Usami M, Matsumoto S, Kitamura T, Minamiguchi H, Okuyama Y, Uematsu M, Yamada T, Iwakura K, Hamasaki T, Sakata Y, Sato H, Nanto S, Hori M, Komuro I, Sakata Y, OACIS investigators. Clinical impact of ventricular tachycardia and/or fibrillation during the acute phase of acute myocardial infarction on in-hospital and 5-year mortality rates in the percutaneous coronary intervention era. Circ J 2016;80(7):1539–1547.
459 Haissaguerre M, Vigmond E, Stuyvers B, Hocini M, Bernus O. Ventricular arrhythmias and the His-Purkinje system. Nat Rev Cardiol 2016;13(3):155–166.
460 Enjoji Y, Mizobuchi M, Muranishi H, Miyamoto C, Utsunomiya M, Funatsu A, Kobayashi T, Nakamura S. Catheter ablation of fatal ventricular tachyarrhythmias storm in acute coronary syndrome—role of Purkinje fiber network. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2009;26(3):207–215.
461 Peichl P, Cihak R, Kozeluhova M, Wichterle D, Vancura V, Kautzner J. Catheter ablation of arrhythmic storm triggered by monomorphic ectopic beats in patients with coronary artery disease. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2010;27(1):51–59.
462 Nademanee K, Taylor R, Bailey WE, Rieders DE, Kosar EM. Treating electrical storm : sympathetic blockade versus advanced cardiac life support-guided therapy. Circulation 2000;102(7):742–747.
463 Miwa Y, Ikeda T, Mera H, Miyakoshi M, Hoshida K, Yanagisawa R, Ishiguro H, Tsukada T, Abe A, Yusu S, Yoshino H. Effects of landiolol, an ultra-short-acting beta1-selective blocker, on electrical storm refractory to class III antiarrhythmic drugs. Circ J 2010;74(5):856–863.
464 Hine LK, Laird N, Hewitt P, Chalmers TC. Meta-analytic evidence against prophylactic use of lidocaine in acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 1989;149(12):2694–2698.
465 Huikuri HV, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 2001;345(20):1473–1482.
466 Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML, Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346(12):877–883.
467 Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, Domanski M, Troutman C, Anderson J, Johnson G, McNulty SE, Clapp-Channing N, Davidson-Ray LD, Fraulo ES, Fishbein DP, Luceri RM, Ip JH, Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352(3):225–237.
468 Chen A, Ashburn MA. Cardiac effects of opioid therapy. Pain Med 2015;16(Suppl 1):S27–31.
469 Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Breithardt OA, Cleland J, Deharo JC, Delgado V, Elliott PM, Gorenek B, Israel CW, Leclercq C, Linde C, Mont L, Padeletti L, Sutton R, Vardas PE. 2013 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. The Task Force on cardiac pacing and resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). Eur Heart J 2013;34(29):2281–2329.
470 Caforio AL, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, Basso C, Gimeno-Blanes J, Felix SB, Fu M, Helio T, Heymans S, Jahns R, Klingel K, Linhart A, Maisch B, McKenna W, Mogensen J, Pinto YM, Ristic A, Schultheiss HP, Seggewiss H, Tavazzi L, Thiene G, Yilmaz A, Charron P, Elliott PM, European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J 2013;34(33):2636–48, 2648a–2648d.
471 Emrich T, Emrich K, Abegunewardene N, Oberholzer K, Dueber C, Muenzel T, Kreitner KF. Cardiac MR enables diagnosis in 90% of patients with acute chest pain, elevated biomarkers and unobstructed coronary arteries. Br J Radiol 2015;88(1049):20150025.
472 Pathik B, Raman B, Mohd Amin NH, Mahadavan D, Rajendran S, McGavigan AD, Grover S, Smith E, Mazhar J, Bridgman C, Ganesan AN, Selvanayagam JB. Troponin-positive chest pain with unobstructed coronary arteries: incremental diagnostic value of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;17(10):1146–1152.
473 Dastidar AG, Rodrigues JC, Johnson TW, De Garate E, Singhal P, Baritussio A, Scatteia A, Strange J, Nightingale AK, Angelini GD, Baumbach A, Delgado V, Bucciarelli-Ducci C. Myocardial Infarction with nonobstructed coronary arteries: impact of CMR early after presentation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging ;doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2016.11.010. Published online ahead of print 18 January 2017.
474 Fox KA, Goodman SG, Klein W, Brieger D, Steg PG, Dabbous O, Avezum A. Management of acute coronary syndromes. Variations in practice and outcome; findings from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J 2002;23(15):1177–1189.
475 Lenfant C. Shattuck lecture - clinical research to clinical practice - lost in translation? N Engl J Med 2003;349(9):868–874.
476 Schiele F, Gale CP, Bonnefoy E, Capuano F, Claeys MJ, Danchin N, Fox KA, Huber K, Iakobishvili Z, Lettino M, Quinn T, Rubini Gimenez M, Botker HE, Swahn E, Timmis A, Tubaro M, Vrints C, Walker D, Zahger D, Zeymer U, Bueno H. Quality indicators for acute myocardial infarction: A position paper of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2017;6(1):34–59.
477 Ford I, Norrie J. Pragmatic trials. N Engl J Med 2016;375(5):454–463.
[PDF] | [Contents] |