European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections – endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)

References

1. Traykov V, Bongiorni MG, Boriani G, Burri H, Costa R, Dagres N et al. Clinical practice and implementation of guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and management of cardiac implantable electronic device infections; results of a worldwide survey under the auspices of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Europace 2019;21:1270–1279.
2. Bongiorni MG, Kennergren C, Butter C, Deharo JC, Kutarski A, Rinaldi CA et al. The European Lead Extraction ConTRolled (ELECTRa) study: a European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) registry of transvenous lead extraction outcomes. Eur Heart J 2017;38:2995–3005.
3. Johansen JB, Jorgensen OD, Moller M, Arnsbo P, Mortensen PT, Nielsen JC. Infection after pacemaker implantation: infection rates and risk factors associated with infection in a population-based cohort study of 46299 consecutive patients. Eur Heart J 2011;32:991–8.
4. Greenspon AJ, Patel JD, Lau E, Ochoa JA, Frisch DR, Ho RT et al. 16-year trends in the infection burden for pacemakers and implantable cardioverterdefibrillators in the United States 1993 to 2008. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58: 1001–6.
5. Joy PS, Kumar G, Poole JE, London B, Olshansky B. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: who is at greatest risk? Heart Rhythm 2017;14:839–45.
6. Ahsan SY, Saberwal B, Lambiase PD, Koo CY, Lee S, Gopalamurugan AB et al. A simple infection-control protocol to reduce serious cardiac device infections. Europace 2014;16:1482–9.
7. Uslan DZ, Gleva MJ, Warren DK, Mela T, Chung MK, Gottipaty V et al. Cardiovascular implantable electronic device replacement infections and prevention: results from the replace registry. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2012;35: 81–7.
8. Biffi M, Ammendola E, Menardi E, Parisi Q, Narducci ML, De Filippo P et al. Real-life outcome of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization defibrillator replacement/upgrade in a contemporary population: observations from the multicentre decode registry. Europace 2019;21: 1527–1536.
9. Krahn AD, Longtin Y, Philippon F, Birnie DH, Manlucu J, Angaran P et al. Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial: the PADIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72:3098–109.
10. Tarakji KG, Mittal S, Kennergren C, Corey R, Poole JE, Schloss E et al. Antibacterial envelope to prevent cardiac implantable device infection. N Engl J Med 2019;380:1895–905.
11. Clementy N, Carion PL, de Leotoing L, Lamarsalle L, Wilquin-Bequet F, Brown B et al. Infections and associated costs following cardiovascular implantable electronic device implantations: a nationwide cohort study. Europace 2018;20: 1974–80.
12. Ludwig S, Theis C, Brown B, Witthohn A, Lux W, Goette A. Incidence and costs of cardiac device infections: retrospective analysis using German health claims data. J Comp Eff Res 2018;7:483–92.
13. Da Costa A, Lelie`vre H, Pha D, Kirkorian G, Ce´lard M, Chevalier P et al. Role of the preaxillary flora in pacemaker infections. Circulation 1998;97:1791–5.
14. Uslan DZ, Sohail MR, St Sauver JL, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Stoner SM et al. Permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection: a population-based study. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:669–75.
15. Darouiche RO. Device-associated infections: a macroproblem that starts with microadherence. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:1567–72.
16. Hussein AA, Baghdy Y, Wazni OM, Brunner MP, Kabbach G, Shao M et al. Microbiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 2016;2:498–505.
17. Bongiorni MG, Tascini C, Tagliaferri E, Di Cori A, Soldati E, Leonildi A et al. Microbiology of cardiac implantable electronic device infections. Europace 2012; 14:1334–9.
18. Wang R, Li X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Wang H. Microbiological characteristics and clinical features of cardiac implantable electronic device infections at a tertiary hospital in china. Front Microbiol 2017;8:360.
19. Sandoe JA, Barlow G, Chambers JB, Gammage M, Guleri A, Howard P et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis, prevention and management of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Report of a joint Working Party project on behalf of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC, host organization), British Heart Rhythm Society (BHRS), British Cardiovascular Society (BCS), British Heart Valve Society (BHVS) and British Society for Echocardiography (BSE). J Antimicrob Chemother 2015;70:325–59.
20. Jan E, Camou F, Texier-Maugein J, Whinnett Z, Caubet O, Ploux S et al. Microbiologic characteristics and in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobials in a large population of patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2012;23:375–81.
21. Polyzos KA, Konstantelias AA, Falagas ME. Risk factors for cardiac implantable electronic device infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Europace 2015;17:767–77.
22. Prutkin JM, Reynolds MR, Bao H, Curtis JP, Al-Khatib SM, Aggarwal S et al. Rates of and factors associated with infection in 200 909 Medicare implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implants: results from the national cardiovascular data registry. Circulation 2014;130:1037–43.
23. Olsen T, Jørgensen OD, Nielsen JC, Thøgersen AM, Philbert BT, Johansen JB. Incidence of device-related infection in 97 750 patients: clinical data from the complete Danish device-cohort (1982–2018). Eur Heart J 2019;40:1862–69.
24. Essebag V, Verma A, Healey JS, Krahn AD, Kalfon E, Coutu B et al.; BRUISE CONTROL Investigators. Clinically significant pocket hematoma increases longterm risk of device infection: BRUISE CONTROL INFECTION study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:1300–08.
25. Al-Khatib SM, Greiner MA, Peterson ED, Hernandez AF, Schulman KA, Curtis LH. Patient and implanting physician factors associated with mortality and complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, 2002-2005. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2008;1:240–9.
26. Mittal S, Shaw RE, Michel K, Palekar R, Arshad A, Musat D et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: incidence, risk factors, and the effect of the AigisRx antibacterial envelope. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:595–601.
27. Shariff N, Eby E, Adelstein E, Jain S, Shalaby A, Saba S et al. Health and economic outcomes associated with use of an antimicrobial envelope as a standard of care for cardiac implantable electronic device implantation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2015;26:783–9.
28. Klug D, Balde M, Pavin D, Hidden-Lucet F, Clementy J, Sadoul N et al. Risk factors related to infections of implanted pacemakers and cardioverterdefibrillators: results of a large prospective study. Circulation 2007;116:1349–55.
29. Birnie DH, Healey JS, Wells GA, Ayala-Paredes F, Coutu B, Sumner GL et al. Continued vs. Interrupted direct oral anticoagulants at the time of device surgery, in patients with moderate to high risk of arterial thrombo-embolic events (BRUISE CONTROL-2). Eur Heart J 2018;39:3973–79.
30. Birnie DH, Healey JS, Wells GA, Verma A, Tang AS, Krahn AD et al. Pacemaker or defibrillator surgery without interruption of anticoagulation. N Engl J Med 2013;368:2084–93.
31. Kutinsky IB, Jarandilla R, Jewett M, Haines DE. Risk of hematoma complications after device implant in the clopidogrel era. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3: 312–18.
32. Robinson M, Healey JS, Eikelboom J, Schulman SAM, Morillo CA, Nair GM et al. Postoperative low-molecular-weight heparin bridging is associated with an increase in wound hematoma following surgery for pacemakers and implantable defibrillators. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2009;32:378–2.
33. Du L, Zhang Y, Wang W, Hou Y. Perioperative anticoagulation management in patients on chronic oral anticoagulant therapy undergoing cardiac devices implantation: a meta-analysis. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2014;37:1573–86.
34. Haines DE, Beheiry S, Akar JG, Baker JL, Beinborn D, Beshai JF et al. Heart rhythm society expert consensus statement on electrophysiology laboratory standards: process, protocols, equipment, personnel, and safety. Heart Rhythm 2014;11:e9–e51.
35. Tanner J, Norrie P, Melen K. Preoperative hair removal to reduce surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD004122.
36. Darouiche RO, Wall MJ Jr, Itani KM, Otterson MF, Webb AL, Carrick MM et al. Chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:18–26.
37. Mimoz O, Lucet JC, Kerforne T, Pascal J, Souweine B, Goudet V et al. Skin antisepsis with chlorhexidine-alcohol versus povidone iodine-alcohol, with and without skin scrubbing, for prevention of intravascular-catheter-related infection (clean): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, controlled, two-by-two factorial trial. Lancet (Lond, Engl) 2015;386:2069–77.
38. Sohail MR, Uslan DZ, Khan AH, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Wilson WR et al. Management and outcome of permanent pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infections. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1851–59.
39. Asif A, Carrillo R, Garisto J-D, Lopera G, Ladino M, Barakat U et al. Epicardial cardiac rhythm devices for dialysis patients: minimizing the risk of infection and preserving central veins. Semin Dial 2012;25:88–94.
40. El-Chami MF, Soejima K, Piccini JP, Reynolds D, Ritter P, Okabe T et al. Incidence and outcomes of systemic infections in patients with leadless pacemakers: data from the Micra IDE study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2019;24: doi: 10.1111/pace.13752.
41. El-Chami MF, Clementy N, Garweg C, Omar R, Duray GZ, Gornick CC et al. Leadless pacemaker implantation in hemodialysis patients: experience with the Micra transcatheter pacemaker. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 2019;5:162–70.
42. Pokorney SD, Mi X, Lewis RK, Greiner M, Epstein LM, Carrillo RG et al. Outcomes associated with extraction versus capping and abandoning pacing and defibrillator leads. Circulation 2017;136:1387–95.
43. Hussein AA, Tarakji KG, Martin DO, Gadre A, Fraser T, Kim A et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: added complexity and suboptimal outcomes with previously abandoned leads. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 2017;3:1–9.
44. de Vries FE, Gans SL, Solomkin JS, Allegranzi B, Egger M, Dellinger EP et al. Meta-analysis of lower perioperative blood glucose target levels for reduction of surgical-site infection. Br J Surg 2017;104:e95–e105.
45. Merino JL, Arribas F, Botto GL, Huikuri H, Kraemer LI, Linde C et al. Core curriculum for the heart rhythm specialist. Europace 2009;11:1–26.
46. Bode LGM, Kluytmans J, Wertheim HFL, Bogaers D, Vandenbroucke-Grauls C, Roosendaal R et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 2010;362:9–17.
47. Franco L, Cota GF, Pinto TS, Ercole FF. Preoperative bathing of the surgical site with chlorhexidine for infection prevention: systematic review with meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control 2017;45:343–9.
48. de Oliveira JC, Martinelli M, Nishioka SA, Varej~ao T, Uipe D, Pedrosa AA et al. Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis before the implantation of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators: results of a large, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol 2009;2: 29–34.
49. Da Costa A, Kirkorian G, Cucherat M, Delahaye F, Chevalier P, Cerisier A et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for permanent pacemaker implantation: a meta-analysis. Circulation 1998;97:1796–801.
50. Webster J, Alghamdi A. Use of plastic adhesive drapes during surgery for preventing surgical site infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;4:CD006353.
51. Suding P, Nguyen T, Gordon I, Wilson SE. Glove powder increases Staphylococcus aureus abscess rate in a rat model. Surg Infect 2010;11:133–5.
52. NICE Guideline Updates Team. Surgical Site Infections: Prevention and Treatment. Nice Guideline No. 125. London, UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2019.
53. Kleemann T, Becker T, Strauss M, Dyck N, Weisse U, Saggau W et al. Prevalence of bacterial colonization of generator pockets in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients without signs of infection undergoing generator replacement or lead revision. Europace 2010;12:58–63.
54. Lakkireddy D, Pillarisetti J, Atkins D, Biria M, Reddy M, Murray C et al. Impact of pocket revision on the rate of infection and other complications in patients requiring pocket manipulation for generator replacement and/or lead replacement or revision (make it clean): a prospective randomized study. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:950–6.
55. Grubb B, Welch M, Karabin B, Foster W, Zhang D, Kanjwal K. Initial experience with a technique for wound closure after cardiac device implantation designed to reduce infection and minimize tissue scar formation. Am J Therap 2012;19: 88–91.
56. Klug D, Wallet F, Lacroix D, Marquie C, Kouakam C, Kacet S et al. Local symptoms at the site of pacemaker implantation indicate latent systemic infection. Heart 2004;90:882–6.
57. Bongiorni MG, Burri H, Deharo JC, Starck C, Kennergren C, Saghy L, Group ESD et al. 2018 EHRA expert consensus statement on lead extraction: recommendations on definitions, endpoints, research trial design, and data collection requirements for clinical scientific studies and registries: endorsed by APHRS/ HRS/LAHRS. Europace 2018;20:1217–17.
58. Knigina L, Kuhn C, Kutschka I, Oswald H, Klein G, Haverich A et al. Treatment of patients with recurrent or persistent infection of cardiac implantable electronic devices. Europace 2010;12:1275–81.
59. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: the task force for the management of infective endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J 2015;36:3075–3128.
60. Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, Nettles R, Fowler VG Jr, Ryan T et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:633–8.
61. Klug D, Lacroix D, Savoye C, Goullard L, Grandmougin D, Hennequin JL et al. Systemic infection related to endocarditis on pacemaker leads: clinical presentation and management. Circulation 1997;95:2098–107.
62. Cacoub P, Leprince P, Nataf P, Hausfater P, Dorent R, Wechsler B et al. Pacemaker infective endocarditis. Am J Cardiol 1998;82:480–4.
63. Lennerz C, Vrazic H, Haller B, Braun S, Petzold T, Ott I et al. Biomarker-based diagnosis of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator pocket infections: a prospective, multicentre, case-control evaluation. PLoS One 2017;12: e0172384.
64. Cornelissen CG, Frechen DA, Schreiner K, Marx N, Kru¨ger S. Inflammatory parameters and prediction of prognosis in infective endocarditis. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:272.
65. Baddour LM, Epstein AE, Erickson CC, Knight BP, Levison ME, Lockhart PB et al. American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee; Council on Cardiovascular Disease in Young; Council on Cardiovascular, Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; Council on Clinical Cardiology; Interdisciplinary Council on Quality of Care; American Heart Association. Update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2010;121:458–77.
66. Dy Chua J, Abdul-Karim A, Mawhorter S, Procop GW, Tchou P, Niebauer M. The role of swab and tissue culture in the diagnosis of implantable cardiac device infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2005;28:1276–81.
67. Forward KR. An evaluation of extended incubation time with blind subculture of blood cultures in patients with suspected endocarditis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2006;17:186–8.
68. Mason PK, Dimarco JP, Ferguson JD, Mahapatra S, Mangrum JM, Bilchick KC et al. Sonication of explanted cardiac rhythm management devices for the diagnosis of pocket infections and asymptomatic bacterial colonization. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011;34:143–9.
69. Oliva A, Nguyen BL, Mascellino MT, D’Abramo A, Iannetta M, Ciccaglioni A et al. Sonication of explanted cardiac implants improves microbial detection in cardiac device infections. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:496–502.
70. Viola GM, Mansouri MD, Nasir N, Darouiche RO. Incubation alone is adequate as a culturing technique for cardiac rhythm management devices. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:4168–70.
71. Harrison JL, Prendergast BD, Sandoe JA. Guidelines for the diagnosis, management and prevention of implantable cardiac electronic device infection. Heart 2015;101:250–2.
72. Viola GM, Awan LL, Darouiche RO. Nonstaphylococcal infections of cardiac implantable electronic devices. Circulation 2010;121:2085–91.
73. Nagpal A, Baddour LM, Sohail MR. Microbiology and pathogenesis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012; 5:433–41.
74. Vilacosta I, Sarria´ C, San Roma´n JA, Jime´nez J, Castillo JA, Iturralde E et al. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography for diagnosis of infected transvenous permanent pacemakers. Circulation 1994;89:2684–87.
75. Golzio PG, Errigo D, Peyracchia M, Gallo E, Frea S, Castagno D et al. Prevalence and prognosis of lead masses in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices without infection. J Cardiovasc Med 2019;20:372–8.
76. Downey BC, Juselius WE, Pandian NG, Estes NA 3rd, Link MS. Incidence and significance of pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead masses discovered during transesophageal echocardiography. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2011;34:679–83.
77. Bongiorni MG, Di Cori A, Soldati E, Zucchelli G, Arena G, Segreti L et al. Intracardiac echocardiography in patients with pacing and defibrillating leads: a feasibility study. Echocardiography 2008;25:632–8.
78. Narducci ML, Pelargonio G, Russo E, Marinaccio L, Di Monaco A, Perna F et al. Usefulness of intracardiac echocardiography for the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device-related endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61: 1398–1405.
79. Chang D, Gabriels J, Laighold S, Williamson AK, Ismail H, Epstein LM. A novel diagnostic approach to a mass on a device lead. HeartRhythm Case Rep 2019;5: 306–9.
80. Diemberger I, Biffi M, Lorenzetti S, Martignani C, Raffaelli E, Ziacchi M et al. Predictors of long-term survival free from relapses after extraction of infected CIED. Europace 2018;20:1018–27.
81. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Wilkoff BL, Berul CI, Birgersdotter-Green UM, Carrillo R et al. 2017 HRS expert consensus statement on cardiovascular implantable electronic device lead management and extraction. Heart Rhythm 2017;14:e503–51.
82. Incani A, Hair C, Purnell P, O’Brien DP, Cheng AC, Appelbe A et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: evaluation of the role of transoesophageal echocardiography in identifying clinically unsuspected endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013;32:1003–8.
83. Rasmussen RV, Høst U, Arpi M, Hassager C, Johansen HK, Korup E et al. Prevalence of infective endocarditis in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: the value of screening with echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011; 12:414–20.
84. Pizzi MN, Roque A, Ferna´ndez-Hidalgo N, Cue´llar-Calabria H, Ferreira-Gonza´lez I, Gonza`lez-Alujas MT et al. Improving the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in prosthetic valves and intracardiac devices with 18F-fluordeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography angiography: initial results at an infective endocarditis referral center. Circulation 2015;132:1113–26.
85. Erba PA, Lancellotti P, Vilacosta I, Gaemperli O, Rouzet F, Hacker M et al. Recommendations on nuclear and multimodality imaging in IE and CIED infections. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018;45:1795–815.
86. Vos FJ, Bleeker-Rovers CP, Kullberg BJ, Adang EMM, Oyen W. Cost-effectiveness of routine 18F-FDG PET/CT in high-risk patients with Gram-positive bacteremia. J Nucl Med 2011;52:1673–8.
87. Berrevoets MAH, Kouijzer IJE, Aarntzen E, Janssen MJR, De Geus-Oei L-F, Wertheim HFL et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT optimizes treatment in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and is associated with reduced mortality. J Nucl Med 2017;58:1504–10.
88. Amraoui S, Tlili G, Sohal M, Berte B, Hindie´ E, Ritter P et al. Contribution of pet imaging to the diagnosis of septic embolism in patients with pacing lead endocarditis. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9:283–90.
89. Erba PA, Sollini M, Conti U, Bandera F, Tascini C, De Tommasi SM et al. Radiolabeled wbc scintigraphy in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected device-related infections. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:1075–86.
90. Sollini M, Berchiolli R, Delgado Bolton RC, Rossi A, Kirienko M, Boni R et al. The “3m” approach to cardiovascular infections: multimodality, multitracers, and multidisciplinary. Semin Nucl Med 2018;48:199–224.
91. Paparoupa M, Spineli L, Framke T, Ho H, Schuppert F, Gillissen A. Pulmonary embolism in pneumonia: still a diagnostic challenge? Results of a case-control study in 100 patients. Dis Markers 2016;2016:1.
92. Narducci ML, Di Monaco A, Pelargonio G, Leoncini E, Boccia S, Mollo R et al. Presence of ‘ghosts’ and mortality after transvenous lead extraction. Europace 2017;19:432–40.
93. Park S-J, Gentry JL, Varma N, Wazni O, Tarakji KG, Mehta A et al. Transvenous extraction of pacemaker and defibrillator leads and the risk of tricuspid valve regurgitation. JACC: Clin Electrophysiol 2018;4:1421–8.
94. Pijl JP, Glaudemans A, Slart R, Yakar D, Wouthuyzen-Bakker M, Kwee TC. FDG-PET/CT for detecting an infection focus in patients with bloodstream infection: factors affecting diagnostic yield. Clin Nucl Med 2019;44:99–106.
95. Berrevoets MAH, Kouijzer IJE, Slieker K, Aarntzen E, Kullberg BJ, Oever JT et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT-guided treatment duration in patients with high-risk Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a proof of principle. J Nucl Med 2019;60: 998–1002.
96. Mandry D, Tatopoulos A, Chevalier-Mathias E, Lemarie´ J, Bollaert P-E, Roch V et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with whole-body computed tomographic angiography in critically ill patients with suspected severe sepsis with no definite diagnosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014;41:1924–30.
97. Vos FJ, Kullberg BJ, Sturm PD, Krabbe PFM, van Dijk APJ, Wanten GJ et al. Metastatic infectious disease and clinical outcome in Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species bacteremia. Medicine 2012;91:86–94.
98. Botelho-Nevers E, Thuny F, Casalta JP, Richet H, Gouriet F, Collart F et al. Dramatic reduction in infective endocarditis-related mortality with a management-based approach. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:1290–8.
99. Juneau D, Golfam M, Hazra S, Zuckier LS, Garas S, Redpath C et al. Positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of cardiac implantable electronic device infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017;10: e005772.
100. Mahmood M, Kendi AT, Farid S, Ajmal S, Johnson GB, Baddour LM et al. Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections: a meta-analysis. J Nucl Cardiol 2019;26:958–70.
101. Diemberger I, Bonfiglioli R, Martignani C, Graziosi M, Biffi M, Lorenzetti S et al. Contribution of pet imaging to mortality risk stratification in candidates to lead extraction for pacemaker or defibrillator infection: a prospective single center study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019;46:194–205.
102. Lebeaux D, Ferna´ndez-Hidalgo N, Chauhan A, Lee S, Ghigo J-M, Almirante B et al. Management of infections related to totally implantable venous-access ports: challenges and perspectives. Lancet Infect Dis 2014;14:146–59.
103. Peacock JE, Stafford JM, Le K, Sohail MR, Baddour LM, Prutkin JM et al. Attempted salvage of infected cardiovascular implantable electronic devices: are there clinical factors that predict success? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018;41: 524–31.
104. Le KY, Sohail MR, Friedman PA, Uslan DZ, Cha SS, Hayes DL et al. Impact of timing of device removal on mortality in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Heart Rhythm 2011;8:1678–85.
105. Patel D, Khan F, Shah H, Bhattacharya S, Adelstein E, Saba S. Cardiac implantable electronic device lead extraction in patients with underlying infection using open thoracotomy or percutaneous techniques. Cardiol J 2015;22:68–74.
106. Schaerf RHM, Najibi S, Conrad J. Percutaneous vacuum-assisted thrombectomy device used for removal of large vegetations on infected pacemaker and defibrillator leads as an adjunct to lead extraction. J Atr Fibrillation 2016;9:1455.
107. Starck CT, Eulert-Grehn J, Kukucka M, Eggert-Doktor D, Dreizler T, Haupt B et al. Managing large lead vegetations in transvenous lead extractions using a percutaneous aspiration technique. Expert Rev Med Devices 2018;15:757–61.
108. Lakshmanadoss U, Nuanez B, Kutinsky I, Khalid R, Haines DE, Wong WS. Incidence of pocket infection postcardiac device implantation using antibiotic versus saline solution for pocket irrigation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2016;39: 978–84.
109. Le KY, Sohail MR, Friedman PA, Uslan DZ, Cha SS, Hayes DL et al. Clinical features and outcomes of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections due to staphylococcal species. Am J Cardiol 2012;110:1143–9.
110. Madhavan M, Sohail MR, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Steckelberg JM, Wilson WR, null n et al. Outcomes in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic devices and bacteremia caused by Gram-positive cocci other than Staphylococcus aureus. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:639–45.
111. Maskarinec SA, Thaden JT, Cyr DD, Ruffin F, Souli M, Fowler VG. The risk of cardiac device-related infection in bacteremic patients is species specific: results of a 12-year prospective cohort. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017;4:ofx132.
112. Uslan DZ, Sohail MR, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM et al. Frequency of permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverterdefibrillator infection in patients with Gram-negative bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:731–6.
113. Huang X-M, Fu H-X, Zhong L, Cao J, Asirvatham SJ, Baddour LM et al. Outcomes of transvenous lead extraction for cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Circulation 2016; 9:e004188.
114. Viganego F, O’Donoghue S, Eldadah Z, Shah MH, Rastogi M, Mazel JA et al. Effect of early diagnosis and treatment with percutaneous lead extraction on survival in patients with cardiac device infections. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1466–71.
115. Rusanov A, Spotnitz HM. A 15-year experience with permanent pacemaker and defibrillator lead and patch extractions. Ann Thorac Surg 2010;89:44–50.
116. Meier-Ewert HK, Gray M-E, John RM. Endocardial pacemaker or defibrillator leads with infected vegetations: a single-center experience and consequences of transvenous extraction. Am Heart J 2003;146:339–44.
117. Pe´rez Baztarrica G, Gariglio L, Salvaggio F, Reolo´n E, Blanco N, Mazzetti H et al. Transvenous extraction of pacemaker leads in infective endocarditis with vegetations >_20 mm: our experience. Clin Cardiol 2012;35:244–9.
118. Tan EM, DeSimone DC, Sohail MR, Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Steckelberg JM et al. Outcomes in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infection managed with chronic antibiotic suppression. Clin Infect Dis 2017;64: 1516–21.
119. Sohail MR, Palraj BR, Khalid S, Uslan DZ, Al-Saffar F, Friedman PA et al. Predicting risk of endovascular device infection in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (PREDICT-SAB). Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2015;8:137–44.
120. Thwaites GE, Scarborough M, Szubert A, Nsutebu E, Tilley R, Greig J, UKCIRG et al. Adjunctive rifampicin for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (arrest): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (Lond, Engl) 2018;391:668–78.
121. Bongiorni MG, Marinskis G, Lip GY, Svendsen JH, Dobreanu D, Blomstro¨mLundqvist C. Scientific Initiative Committee; European Heart Rhythm Association. How European centres diagnose, treat, and prevent CIED infections: results of an European Heart Rhythm Association survey. Europace 2012; 14:1666–9.
122. Grammes JA, Schulze CM, Al-Bataineh M, Yesenosky GA, Saari CS, Vrabel MJ et al. Percutaneous pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead extraction in 100 patients with intracardiac vegetations defined by transesophageal echocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:886–94.
123. Tarakji KG, Chan EJ, Cantillon DJ, Doonan AL, Hu T, Schmitt S et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: presentation, management, and patient outcomes. Heart Rhythm 2010;7:1043–7.
124. Braun MU, Rauwolf T, Bock M, Kappert UTZ, Boscheri A, Schnabel A et al. Percutaneous lead implantation connected to an external device in stimulationdependent patients with systemic infection—a prospective and controlled study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:875–9.
125. Kornberger A, Schmid E, Kalender G, Stock UA, Doernberger V, Khalil M et al. Bridge to recovery or permanent system implantation: an eight-year single-center experience in transvenous semipermanent pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2013;36:1096–103.
126. Kawata H, Pretorius V, Phan H, Mulpuru S, Gadiyaram V, Patel J et al. Utility and safety of temporary pacing using active fixation leads and externalized reusable permanent pacemakers after lead extraction. Europace 2013;15:1287–91.
127. Pecha S, Aydin MA, Yildirim Y, Sill B, Reiter B, Wilke I et al. Transcutaneous lead implantation connected to an externalized pacemaker in patients with implantable cardiac defibrillator/pacemaker infection and pacemaker dependency. Europace 2013;15:1205–9.
128. Zucchelli G, Bongiorni MG, Di Cori A, Soldati E, Solarino G, Fabiani I et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy after coronary sinus lead extraction: feasibility and mid-term outcome of transvenous reimplantation in a tertiary referral centre. Europace 2012;14:515–21.
129. Bongiorni MG, Della Tommasina V, Barletta V, Di Cori A, Rogani S, Viani S et al. Feasibility and long-term effectiveness of a non-apical Micra pacemaker implantation in a referral centre for lead extraction. Europace 2019;21: 114–20.
130. Beurskens NEG, Tjong FVY, Dasselaar KJ, Kuijt WJ, Wilde AAM, Knops RE. Leadless pacemaker implantation after explantation of infected conventional pacemaker systems: a viable solution? Heart Rhythm 2019;16:66–71.
131. Kypta A, Blessberger H, Kammler J, Lambert T, Lichtenauer M, Brandstaetter W et al. Leadless cardiac pacemaker implantation after lead extraction in patients with severe device infection. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2016;27:1067–71.
132. Viani S, Migliore F, Tola G, Pisano` ECL, Russo AD, Luzzi G et al. Use and outcomes of subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) after transvenous ICD extraction: an analysis of current clinical practice and a comparison with transvenous ICD reimplantation. Heart Rhythm 2019;16:564–71.
133. Boersma L, Burke MC, Neuzil P, Lambiase P, Friehling T, Theuns DA et al. Infection and mortality after implantation of a subcutaneous ICD after transvenous ICD extraction. Heart Rhythm 2016;13:157–64.
134. Darouiche R, Mosier M, Voigt J. Antibiotics and antiseptics to prevent infection in cardiac rhythm management device implantation surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2012;35:1348–60.
135. Deharo JC, Bongiorni MG, Rozkovec A, Bracke F, Defaye P, Fernandez-Lozano I et al. European Heart Rhythm Association. Pathways for training and accreditation for transvenous lead extraction: a European Heart Rhythm Association position paper. Europace 2012;14:124–34.
136. El-Chami MF, Johansen JB, Zaidi A, Faerestrand S, Reynolds D, Garcia-Seara J et al. Leadless pacemaker implant in patients with pre-existing infections: results from the Micra postapproval registry. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019;30: 569–74.
137. Reynolds D, Duray GZ, Omar R, Soejima K, Neuzil P, Zhang S et al.; Micra Transcatheter Pacing Study Group. A leadless intracardiac transcatheter pacing system. N Engl J Med 2016;374:533–41.
138. Brouwer TF, Yilmaz D, Lindeboom R, Buiten MS, Olde Nordkamp LRA, Schalij MJ et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of subcutaneous versus transvenous implantable defibrillator therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;68:2047–55.
139. Boersma L, Barr C, Knops R, Theuns D, Eckardt L, Neuzil P et al. Implant and midterm outcomes of the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry: the effortless study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;70:830–41.
140. Rizwan Sohail M, Henrikson CA, Jo Braid-Forbes M, Forbes KF, Lerner DJ. Increased long-term mortality in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2015;38:231–9.
141. Sohail MR, Henrikson CA, Braid-Forbes MJ, Forbes KF, Lerner DJ. Mortality and cost associated with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1821–8.
142. Greenspon AJ, Eby EL, Petrilla AA, Sohail MR. Treatment patterns, costs, and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with CIED infection. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2018;41:495–503.
143. Maytin M, Jones SO, Epstein LM. Long-term mortality after transvenous lead extraction. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2012;5:252–7.
144. Lee DH, Gracely EJ, Aleem SY, Kutalek SP, Vielemeyer O. Differences of mortality rates between pocket and nonpocket cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2015;38:1456–63.
145. Tarakji KG, Wazni OM, Harb S, Hsu A, Saliba W, Wilkoff BL. Risk factors for 1year mortality among patients with cardiac implantable electronic device infection undergoing transvenous lead extraction: the impact of the infection type and the presence of vegetation on survival. Europace 2014;16:1490–5.
146. Sohail MR, Henrikson CA, Braid-Forbes MJ, Forbes KF, Lerner DJ. Comparison of mortality in women versus men with infections involving cardiovascular implantable electronic device. Am J Cardiol 2013;112:1403–9.
147. Guha A, Maddox WR, Colombo R, Nahman NS Jr, Kintziger KW, Waller JL et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device infection in patients with end-stage renal disease. Heart Rhythm 2015;12:2395–401.
148. Deharo JC, Quatre A, Mancini J, Khairy P, Le Dolley Y, Casalta JP et al. Longterm outcomes following infection of cardiac implantable electronic devices: a prospective matched cohort study. Heart 2012;98:724–31.
149. Rickard J, Tarakji K, Cheng A, Spragg D, Cantillon DJ, Martin DO et al. Survival of patients with biventricular devices after device infection, extraction, and reimplantation. JACC Heart Fail 2013;1:508–13.
150. Armaganijan LV, Toff WD, Nielsen JC, Andersen HR, Connolly SJ, Ellenbogen KA et al. Are elderly patients at increased risk of complications following pacemaker implantation? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2012;35:131–4.
151. Habib A, Le KY, Baddour LM, Friedman PA, Hayes DL, Lohse CM et al. Mayo Cardiovascular Infections Study Group. Predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Am J Cardiol 2013;111: 874–9.
152. Nielsen JC, Gerdes JC, Varma N. Infected cardiac-implantable electronic devices: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Eur Heart J 2015;36:2484–90.
153. Voigt A, Shalaby A, Saba S. Continued rise in rates of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections in the United States: temporal trends and causative insights. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2010;33:414–19.
154. Afilalo J, Alexander KP, Mack MJ, Maurer MS, Green P, Allen LA et al. Frailty assessment in the cardiovascular care of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63: 747–62.
155. Green AR, Leff B, Wang Y, Spatz ES, Masoudi FA, Peterson PN et al. Geriatric conditions in patients undergoing defibrillator implantation for prevention of sudden cardiac death: prevalence and impact on mortality. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2016;9:23–30.
156. Kramer DB, Tsai T, Natarajan P, Tewksbury E, Mitchell SL, Travison TG. Frailty, physical activity, and mobility in patients with cardiac implantable electrical devices. J Am Heart Assoc 2017;6:e004659.
157. Farage MA, Miller KW, Elsner P, Maibach HI. Structural characteristics of the aging skin: a review. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2007;26:343–57.
158. Poole J, Larson L, Olshansky B. Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Surgical Implant. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018.
159. Atallah J, Erickson CC, Cecchin F, Dubin AM, Law IH, Cohen MI et al. Multi-institutional study of implantable defibrillator lead performance in children and young adults: results of the Pediatric Lead Extractability and Survival Evaluation (PLEASE) study. Circulation 2013;127:2393–402.
160. Padfield GJ, Steinberg C, Bennett MT, Chakrabarti S, Deyell MW, Bashir J et al. Preventing cardiac implantable electronic device infections. Heart Rhythm 2015; 12:2344–56.
161. Rohacek M, Weisser M, Kobza R, Schoenenberger AW, Pfyffer GE, Frei R et al. Bacterial colonization and infection of electrophysiological cardiac devices detected with sonication and swab culture. Circulation 2010;121:1691–7.
162. Poole JE, Gleva MJ, Mela T, Chung MK, Uslan DZ, Borge R et al. Complication rates associated with pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator replacements and upgrade procedures: results from the replace registry. Circulation 2010;122:1553–61.
163. Fortescue EB, Berul CI, Cecchin F, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Alexander ME. Patient, procedural, and hardware factors associated with pacemaker lead failures in pediatrics and congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm 2004;1:150–9.
164. Gleva MJ, Wang Y, Curtis JP, Berul CI, Huddleston CB, Poole JE. Complications associated with implantable cardioverter defibrillators in adults with congenital heart disease or left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (from the NCDRVR implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry). Am J Cardiol 2017;120:1891–8.
165. Berul CI, Van Hare GF, Kertesz NJ, Dubin AM, Cecchin F, Collins KK et al. Results of a multicenter retrospective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator registry of pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1685–91.
166. Vehmeijer JT, Brouwer TF, Limpens J, Knops RE, Bouma BJ, Mulder BJ et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in adults with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2016;37:1439–48.
167. Cecchin F, Atallah J, Walsh EP, Triedman JK, Alexander ME, Berul CI. Lead extraction in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2010;3:437–44.
168. Cannon BC, Friedman RA, Fenrich AL, Fraser CD, McKenzie ED, Kertesz NJ. Innovative techniques for placement of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads in patients with limited venous access to the heart. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2006;29:181–7.
169. Konta L, Chubb MH, Bostock J, Rogers J, Rosenthal E. Twenty-seven years experience with transvenous pacemaker implantation in children weighing <10 kg. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e003422.
170. Molina JE. Surgical options for endocardial lead placement when upper veins are obstructed or nonusable. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2004;11:149–54.
171. Silvetti MS, Drago F. Upgrade of single chamber pacemakers with transvenous leads to dual chamber pacemakers in pediatric and young adult patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2004;27:1094–8.
172. Suzuki S, Motohashi S, Matsumoto M. Surgical techniques for implanting implantable cardioverter defibrillators in children and infants. Surg Today 2014;44: 1801–6.
173. McCanta AC, Tanel RE, Gralla J, Runciman DM, Collins KK. The fate of nontargeted endocardial leads during the extraction of one or more targeted leads in pediatrics and congenital heart disease. Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology 2014;37:104–8.
174. Gillette PC, Edgerton J, Kratz J, Zeigler V. The subpectoral pocket: the preferred implant site for pediatric pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14: 1089–92.
175. D’Souza BA, Epstein AE, Garcia FC, Kim YY, Agarwal SC, Belott PH et al. Outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease receiving the subcutaneous implantable-cardioverter defibrillator: results from a pooled analysis from the IDE study and the EFFORTLESS S-ICD registry. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2016;2:615–22.
176. Moore JP, Mondesert B, Lloyd MS, Cook SC, Zaidi AN, Pass RH et al. Alliance for Adult Research in Congenital Cardiology. Clinical experience with the subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in adults with congenital heart disease. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e004338.
177. Bordachar P, Marquie C, Pospiech T, Pasquie JL, Jalal Z, Haissaguerre M et al. Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators in children, young adults and patients with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2016;203:251–8.
178. Celiker A, Olgun H, Karagoz T, Ozer S, Ozkutlu S, Alehan D. Midterm experience with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in children and young adults. Europace 2010;12:1732–8.
179. Ferrero P, Ali H, Barman P, Foresti S, Lupo P, D’Elia E et al. Entirely subcutaneous defibrillator and complex congenital heart disease: data on long-term clinical follow-up. World J Cardiol 2017;9:547–52.
180. Chang PM, Saxon LA, Doshi RN. The subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator as part of dual device therapy in complex congenital heart disease. J Innov Cardiac Rhythm Manag 2016;7:2395–9.
181. Aggarwal RK, Connelly DT, Ray SG, Ball J, Charles RG. Early complications of permanent pacemaker implantation: no difference between dual and single chamber systems. Br Heart J 1995;73:571–5.
182. Mounsey JP, Griffith MJ, Tynan M, Gould FK, MacDermott AF, Gold RG et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis in permanent pacemaker implantation: a prospective randomised trial. Br Heart J 1994;72:339–43.
183. Eberhardt F, Bode F, Bonnemeier H, Boguschewski F, Schlei M, Peters W et al. Long term complications in single and dual chamber pacing are influenced by surgical experience and patient morbidity. Heart 2005;91:500–6.
184. Wiegand UK, LeJeune D, Boguschewski F, Bonnemeier H, Eberhardt F, Schunkert H et al. Pocket hematoma after pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator surgery: influence of patient morbidity, operation strategy, and perioperative antiplatelet/anticoagulation therapy. Chest 2004;126:1177–86.
185. Al-Khatib SM, Lucas FL, Jollis JG, Malenka DJ, Wennberg DE. The relation between patients’ outcomes and the volume of cardioverter-defibrillator implantation procedures performed by physicians treating Medicare beneficiaries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;46:1536–40.
186. Krahn AD, Lee DS, Birnie D, Healey JS, Crystal E, Dorian P et al. Predictors of short-term complications after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator replacement: results from the Ontario ICD database. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2011; 4:136–42.
187. Tobin K, Stewart J, Westveer D, Frumin H. Acute complications of permanent pacemaker implantation: their financial implication and relation to volume and operator experience. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:774–6, A779.
188. Kirkfeldt RE, Johansen JB, Nohr EA, Jorgensen OD, Nielsen JC. Complications after cardiac implantable electronic device implantations: an analysis of a complete, nationwide cohort in Denmark. Eur Heart J 2014;35:1186–94.
189. Udo EO, Zuithoff NP, van Hemel NM, de Cock CC, Hendriks T, Doevendans PA et al. Incidence and predictors of shortand long-term complications in pacemaker therapy: the FOLLOWPACE study. Heart Rhythm 2012;9:728–35.
190. Nowak B, Tasche K, Barnewold L, Heller G, Schmidt B, Bordignon S et al. Association between hospital procedure volume and early complications after pacemaker implantation: results from a large, unselected, contemporary cohort of the German nationwide obligatory external quality assurance programme. Europace 2015;17:787–93.
191. Cabell CH, Heidenreich PA, Chu VH, Moore CM, Stryjewski ME, Corey GR et al. Increasing rates of cardiac device infections among Medicare beneficiaries: 1990-1999. Am Heart J 2004;147:582–6.
192. Sridhar AR, Lavu M, Yarlagadda V, Reddy M, Gunda S, Afzal R et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device-related infection and extraction trends in the U.S. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2017;40:286–93.
193. Sohail MR, Eby EL, Ryan MP, Gunnarsson C, Wright LA, Greenspon AJ. Incidence, treatment intensity, and incremental annual expenditures for patients experiencing a cardiac implantable electronic device infection: evidence from a large us payer database 1-year post implantation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016;9:e003929.
194. Boriani G, Lane DA, Windecker S, Huber K, Kirchhof P, Lip GY. Difficult decision making in the management of patients with atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome or invasive cardiovascular interventions: new recommendations for daily practice. Europace 2015;17:1319–22.
195. Boriani G, Burri H, Mantovani LG, Maniadakis N, Leyva F, Kautzner J et al. Device therapy and hospital reimbursement practices across European countries: a heterogeneous scenario. Europace 2011;13 Suppl 2:ii59–65.
196. Boriani G, Elsner C, Diemberger I. The struggle against infections of cardiac implantable electrical devices: the burden of costs requires new personalized solutions. Europace 2018;20:1877–9.
197. Boriani G, Maniadakis N, Auricchio A, Muller-Riemenschneider F, Fattore G, Leyva F et al. Health technology assessment in interventional electrophysiology and device therapy: a position paper of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1869–74.
198. Maniadakis N, Vardas P, Mantovani LG, Fattore G, Boriani G. Economic evaluation in cardiology. Europace 2011;13 Suppl 2:ii3–8.
199. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, Fowler VG Jr, Tleyjeh IM, Rybak MJ et al.; American Heart Association Committee on Rheumatic Fever Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Stroke Council. Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;132:1435–86.
200. da Silva KR, Costa R, Crevelari ES, Lacerda MS, de Moraes Albertini CM, Filho MM et al. Glocal clinical registries: pacemaker registry design and implementation for global and local integration—methodology and case study. PLoS One 2013;8:e71090.
201. Weintraub WS, Karlsberg RP, Tcheng JE, Boris JR, Buxton AE, Dove JT et al.; American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards. ACCF/AHA 2011 key data elements and definitions of a base cardiovascular vocabulary for electronic health records: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards. Circulation 2011;124:103–23.
202. Gliklich RE, Dreyer NA, Leavy MB. Data collection and quality assurance in. Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User’s Guide. [Internet]. 3rd edition. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2014 Apr. Report No.: 13(14)-EHC111.